tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14362181262913032532024-03-28T02:51:25.042-04:00Swordtail Guppies
Pedigree strains bred towards aesthetic goals in a scientifically informed fashion...
Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.comBlogger54125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-88554769403652090322024-02-25T16:36:00.001-05:002024-02-25T16:41:00.513-05:00<h1 style="text-align: center;"></h1><h1 style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">WHY
DO GREEN-BLUE-PURPLE GUPPIES SUDDENLY APPEAR IN DEDICATED STRUCTURAL COLOR BREEDINGS?</span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;"><b>Have you ever wondered why
Green-Blue-Purple Guppies suddenly occur in your dedicated breedings for a
single color? It’s all in the genotype…</b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></p><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyB61x6rhKT1rxkSAJL8ABumTNhXWwErXO1zKbW-Um3F-74hRtMbGNlGflvbcF0HUKDC1_1N7M6LdrPgcpTQCmHOdYLQzHz_apBn-RJX60UiFcC9sWDmHt574fyc6Q8ejNnWrBsH4GZn4Xewzf6SL0GbF2HaJJPfRWLFPbhs6tQ8rTz-f41oQJq9raFNg/s1159/DSCF2867.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1159" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyB61x6rhKT1rxkSAJL8ABumTNhXWwErXO1zKbW-Um3F-74hRtMbGNlGflvbcF0HUKDC1_1N7M6LdrPgcpTQCmHOdYLQzHz_apBn-RJX60UiFcC9sWDmHt574fyc6Q8ejNnWrBsH4GZn4Xewzf6SL0GbF2HaJJPfRWLFPbhs6tQ8rTz-f41oQJq9raFNg/w640-h434/DSCF2867.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13.3333px;">Green Delta (<i>pb/pb</i>) and <i>(Mgmg)</i>, expressing VEG modified to blue.</b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.5in; margin-right: -.5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">© A</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">lan</span></span></p><div style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b>© Alan S. Bias<br /></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b>Permission granted for
nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for
learning purposes only.<br /></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b>February 25, 2024</b></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">International Fancy Guppy Association (IFGA) Green-Blue-Purple
delta form a “continuum” of interrelated structural color expression. Other than Y-linked orange peduncle ornaments,
each lack sex-linked xantho-erythrophore (yellow-orange-red) color pigments in their
body and finnage.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -.5in; margin-right: -.5in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in -0.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Structural color derives from a thin basal layer of violet-blue
iridophores and melanophores residing in close proximity forming chromatophore
units. Actual expression is influenced several
factors, including the ratio between violet and blue iridophores. Further influenced by diversity in angles of
c</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">rystalline
platelets, which act as mirrors, residing under the violet-blue iridophore
layer. In conjunction producing variations
in perceived color, i.e. green or blue-green or blue or blue-purple or purple depending
upon angle of ambient light source.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizGWeUEXSkdWX6yUeOnMe-w3OkxYsw2LTbytiW8i2X1I5TrbrXklepgbJa1XA7WvWPksHpokH_xmQo2EtNo3QQ4mWr_qhDnYGA0tqxemg6fOR4vFTGyf3bWTNdtr0unGUWQBg29_aVVB87dzmQEQhIW-umPq-zjJLynFqdxMr7ZOLcRF0IxDebDDlyI3s/s1246/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="451" data-original-width="1246" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizGWeUEXSkdWX6yUeOnMe-w3OkxYsw2LTbytiW8i2X1I5TrbrXklepgbJa1XA7WvWPksHpokH_xmQo2EtNo3QQ4mWr_qhDnYGA0tqxemg6fOR4vFTGyf3bWTNdtr0unGUWQBg29_aVVB87dzmQEQhIW-umPq-zjJLynFqdxMr7ZOLcRF0IxDebDDlyI3s/w640-h232/1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(A)
Heterozgyous Pbpb modified Dendritic melanophore-iridophore chromatophore units.
(photo), and (B) Non-Purple Body <i>(pbpb) </i>Dendritic melanophore-iridophore chromatophore units.<i> (100X non-dissect, reflected lighting).</i></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">The primary genes at play include, but not limited to:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Purple Body (Pb), Metal Gold (Mg), and Vienna
Emerald Green (VEG).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Each of which are conserved
across multiple teleost species.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>I.</b> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Purple Body
is a confirmed autosomal incompletely dominant gene that expresses in ratios of
(1:2:1) in genotypes (pbpb : Pbpb : PbPb).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Which equates to (non-Purple Body : heterozygous Purple Body :
homozygous Purple Body).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What this means
is in perfect ratios, if all offspring survive to maturity, 1 out of 4 will be
pbpb, 2 out of 4 will be heterozygous Pbpb, and 1 out of 4 will be homozygous
PbPb.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGIighfeLg6lqZf9wKFZleZy85BHWxBInvuDiX4hkmonV776vDwT7CgYLtoFkQBdGaf5itCWEl9dTcp_PgR5mX7J_LrBKE2Q5rfY9Q9yEPcYuy7TdBSoWLPvlSK7CUqTPlyPNRuuzpKzWb-IG45HtuR1BE5Ql2cz-P-FDhIAiQvQESAFjboxjYS18ML5Y/s1431/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1431" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGIighfeLg6lqZf9wKFZleZy85BHWxBInvuDiX4hkmonV776vDwT7CgYLtoFkQBdGaf5itCWEl9dTcp_PgR5mX7J_LrBKE2Q5rfY9Q9yEPcYuy7TdBSoWLPvlSK7CUqTPlyPNRuuzpKzWb-IG45HtuR1BE5Ql2cz-P-FDhIAiQvQESAFjboxjYS18ML5Y/w400-h266/8.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Purple Delta (</span><i style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Pb/-</i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">) modified ornaments, expressing VEG, reduced xanthophores and increased violet-blue iridophores.</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pb has visible effect in heterozygous expression and
amplified effect in homozygous expression. In heterozygous condition formation
and migration of xanthophores which result in yellow color are inhibited. In homozygous
condition formation and migration of xantho-erythrophores which result in
yellow-orange-red color are inhibited.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pb is often present in both Green and Blue. Pb is always found in all-purple fish, but is
not by itself sufficient to produce the all-purple phenotype in heterozygous
Pbpb expression or homozygous PbPb expression.
While Violet is a true wavelength color, Purple is a composite produced
by combining blue and red wavelength colors. Further removal of
xantho-erythrophores, in conjunction with both increased populations
and/or the visibility of modified melanophores and naturally occurring
violet-blue iridophores, is required for production of the all-purple
phenotype.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>II.</b> Metal Gold appears to be an autosomal incompletely
dominant gene which would express in ratios of (1:2:1) in genotypes (mgmg :
Mgmg : MgMg). Which equates to (non-Metal
Gold : heterozygous Metal Gold : homozygous Metal Gold). What this means is in perfect ratios, if all
offspring survive to maturity, 1 out of 4 will be mgmg, 2 out of 4 will be heterozygous
Mgmg, and 1 out of 4 will be homozygous MgMg.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mg has visible effect in heterozygous expression and
amplified effect in homozygous expression. Though harder to quantify, in
heterozygous condition formation and migration of xanthophores which result in
yellow-gold color are often limited to specific regions of the body, such as
the central caudal base, the dorsal and specific regions of the body. In homozygous condition the entire body
appears to be additionally covered by a yellow-gold cast. As seen in Apple Green phenotypes.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ICEFMIlxT085MoqAxy6Yk7bORWjTn8OIKTn29AgeGLiPRcJwdrfg1IuytqQMeAwnZyFIH353QYZj8HpdN30Tv-nWA8Oy3tgxZssYNRucLDjFaBb7GliVqFr_Q5yvSu7z3D5XKAo-7cUsBX2e0kKZ-sG_7_DUTyV1_XQlr28Bi7JAPo-uhkOv6EmCfQA/s1031/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="697" data-original-width="1031" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-ICEFMIlxT085MoqAxy6Yk7bORWjTn8OIKTn29AgeGLiPRcJwdrfg1IuytqQMeAwnZyFIH353QYZj8HpdN30Tv-nWA8Oy3tgxZssYNRucLDjFaBb7GliVqFr_Q5yvSu7z3D5XKAo-7cUsBX2e0kKZ-sG_7_DUTyV1_XQlr28Bi7JAPo-uhkOv6EmCfQA/w400-h270/3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table></span><b style="text-align: center;"></b></p><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IFGA
Apple Green delta <i>(MgMg)</i>, photo courtesy of Bryan Chin.</span></b></b></div><p></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Mg is present in both Green and to a lesser degree in
Blue. However, Mg is absent or masked in Purple. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mg expression is greatest
in pbpb, i.e. non-Purple Body, reduced in Pbpb, i.e. heterozygous Purple Body
and non-expressed or masked in PbPb, i.e. homozygous Purple Body.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>III.</b> Vienna Emerald Green is reportedly passed by
Y-link mode of inheritance, though I have seen several instances of potential
X-link in breeding tests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>VEG is most
visible as a central green spot at the peduncle-caudal base, though should be
considered a full body modifier that exerts influence body wide.<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVo36WCWEQFp4KkeBKTjRSHyPzZDiaLbrmZiTk4K7OW54vAE-_ClbpGOq6S3uYEyyNyWBRiv9zJI3Ns8guYkKM2SRHUsXwBtVJXECGONui8KB0mzI7TT7YV3F7he9WpIc5_E0bIfJ9uNk2kYPsum1AM4BUoaKHC-aGHGUx1F4Vb3PZCIC6d0zds4k0Q0g/s804/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="524" data-original-width="804" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVo36WCWEQFp4KkeBKTjRSHyPzZDiaLbrmZiTk4K7OW54vAE-_ClbpGOq6S3uYEyyNyWBRiv9zJI3Ns8guYkKM2SRHUsXwBtVJXECGONui8KB0mzI7TT7YV3F7he9WpIc5_E0bIfJ9uNk2kYPsum1AM4BUoaKHC-aGHGUx1F4Vb3PZCIC6d0zds4k0Q0g/w400-h261/4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vienna
Emerald Green <i>(VEG)</i> Peduncle Spot.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VEG expression is greatest in pbpb, i.e. non-Purple
Body, reduced in Pbpb, i.e. heterozygous Purple Body and non-expressed or
masked in PbPb, i.e. homozygous Purple Body.
VEG expression is easily modified from green to blue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Solid structural colored fish did not just occur in a
single event or in rapid fashion to suggest they result from a single dominant gene.
Rather, the result was a long cumulative
breeding process in which color pigment genes were removed and visible
Variegation (Var) in the dorsal and trailing edge of caudals persisted for many
generations. Suggesting “solid” is an actual
phenotype in which Var is still present and masked. Being comprised of multiple small mutations
in co-expression.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Such a hypothesis is supported by anecdotal evidence. Primarily in the form of visible results from
outcross breedings of Green-Blue-Purple to unrelated fish outside of this color
spectrum. Resulting F1 offspring always express
Var to different degrees in body and finnage.
Further support is garnered by another simple observation that is
indicative of the continued presence of Var in solid colored fish. That being, solid colored Green-Blue-Purple
fish always express a “black trailing edge” in the caudal and dorsal comprised of
motile melanophores. Which is suggestive
of chromatophores needed to produce Var pattern being disrupted in
co-expression and further repulsed to exterior edges of finnage. Together, each supports solid colored Green-Blue-Purple
fish being a true phenotype comprised of multiple gene expressions accrued over
time. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8q3uuLNoNhvqLR-xxRErRIzvi7lMRYVmvW7vxLP6XmyNKraFYzEfFh4DBCZR315RzRJJawAZ9OcEXFiuTvF_B4tkUAaAIGJazrZslUKdH3hWJ7FWpocf8tgobgRIWg4pLBpv28CI-oLZdzOvtQE0cPSXFvhhQfd50DOrp1RXSn_tEojdcTucqncMbMnA/s1252/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="1252" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8q3uuLNoNhvqLR-xxRErRIzvi7lMRYVmvW7vxLP6XmyNKraFYzEfFh4DBCZR315RzRJJawAZ9OcEXFiuTvF_B4tkUAaAIGJazrZslUKdH3hWJ7FWpocf8tgobgRIWg4pLBpv28CI-oLZdzOvtQE0cPSXFvhhQfd50DOrp1RXSn_tEojdcTucqncMbMnA/w640-h228/5.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;"><b>(A) Green Delta expressing Pb modified ornaments (<i>Pb/pb</i>) and <i>(Mgmg)</i>. (B) Green
Delta (<i>pb/pb</i>) and <i>(Mgmg)</i>, photos courtesy of Bryan Chin. Note the deepening of the
orange body spots. </b></span><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Both males are expressing VEG.</b><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8q3uuLNoNhvqLR-xxRErRIzvi7lMRYVmvW7vxLP6XmyNKraFYzEfFh4DBCZR315RzRJJawAZ9OcEXFiuTvF_B4tkUAaAIGJazrZslUKdH3hWJ7FWpocf8tgobgRIWg4pLBpv28CI-oLZdzOvtQE0cPSXFvhhQfd50DOrp1RXSn_tEojdcTucqncMbMnA/s1252/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><br /></a></b><br /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhmZZ1EVtQYVbKgY7EMRTqh5ujyuJTd0eSdGG2_UETnffTdmScTzzjLuuHJWfj6hZsPXUOStXpw1OYVmy3vYmJWzs7ICXXLNBbX-eDIZlCFiXuF2HoqwPA7FN4AgxBrSFQncoyxtPpk26fjrm5B6pCzQISUByAUpzqUoxJmCt-2g2SLidjK83IghJ1gS8/s1252/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="1252" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhmZZ1EVtQYVbKgY7EMRTqh5ujyuJTd0eSdGG2_UETnffTdmScTzzjLuuHJWfj6hZsPXUOStXpw1OYVmy3vYmJWzs7ICXXLNBbX-eDIZlCFiXuF2HoqwPA7FN4AgxBrSFQncoyxtPpk26fjrm5B6pCzQISUByAUpzqUoxJmCt-2g2SLidjK83IghJ1gS8/w640-h220/6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">(A) Blue Delta expressing Pb modified ornaments
(<i>Pb/pb</i>) and <i>(Mgmg)</i>. (B) Blue Delta (<i>pb/pb</i>), photos courtesy of Bryan Chin.
Note the deepening of the orange body spot to pinkish-purple with Pb through xanthophore
removal (arrows). </span></b><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">Both males are expressing VEG.</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG3p9FI2273pyoSk0Kui0LE3xLzi1ihczGAiaYLCYa44OU7Ex8OtZKtXRxyz4ZFRcnbWrgdKTqbeXZbcN4oAOGfjbkKaDrOEO0ruaZG7uE4Guf5g-MPS4GOaZikG2KkQj8XbuTUuK2Jg31jqLi8RYOLgdHbGH8dAWp9d0d89omk1MB70-R-r9TI0nhefE/s1252/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="345" data-original-width="1252" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG3p9FI2273pyoSk0Kui0LE3xLzi1ihczGAiaYLCYa44OU7Ex8OtZKtXRxyz4ZFRcnbWrgdKTqbeXZbcN4oAOGfjbkKaDrOEO0ruaZG7uE4Guf5g-MPS4GOaZikG2KkQj8XbuTUuK2Jg31jqLi8RYOLgdHbGH8dAWp9d0d89omk1MB70-R-r9TI0nhefE/w640-h176/7.jpg" width="640" /></a><b style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 10pt;">(A) Purple Delta (<i>Pb/pb</i>) males. Results of a homozygous Green (<i>pb/pb</i>)
male x homozygous Purple (<i>Pb/Pb</i>) female breeding. (B) Homozygous Purple
(<i>Pb/Pb</i>) male x homozygous Green (<i>pb/pb</i>) female breeding. This
type male will express as either blue or purple depending upon the angle of
light. Note partial modification of orange ornaments to pinkish-purple and increased
violet iridophores (red circles). Both males are expressing VEG.</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In summary, zygosity dependent, the presence or
absence, and concentration of Purple Body, xanthophores, and erythrophores is
the primary distinction in spectrum between IFGA Green-Blue-Purple structural
colored phenotypes. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References:</span></u></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2017.1-32.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">Bias A. S., Squire R. D., 2017 The
cellular expression and genetics of an established polymorphism in Poecilia
reticulata; “Purple Body (Pb)” is an autosomal dominant gene. Poec Res
7(1):1-32</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/home/volume-7-1-2017/" target="_blank">http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/home/volume-7-1-2017/</a></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2017.125-146.pdf"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration-line: none;">Bias A. S.,
Squire R. D., 2017 The phenotypic expression of Purple Body (Pb) in domestic
guppy strains of Poecilia reticulata. Poec Res 7(1):125-146</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/home/volume-7-1-2017/" target="_blank">http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/home/volume-7-1-2017/</a></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="color: #050505; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="color: #050505; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><b>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Things
getting out of hand in your fishrrom?</b></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b> Re-define your goals and narrow your focus to
obtain realistic results<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</b></span></i></p></div><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><br /></span></b></p></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br /><div><br /></div>Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-91679619182008846112023-12-16T20:06:00.009-05:002023-12-16T20:55:12.578-05:00SPEARTAIL GUPPIES<p></p><h1 style="text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: times; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">A REKINDLED INTEREST IN SPEARTAIL GUPPIES</span></span></h1><p style="text-align: left;"><i><b>Why have Speartails dissappeared from the tanks of breeders in North America? <span style="font-family: times;">Think it's about time we make a change in that trend...</span></b></i></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl4ymECMxaYf9tYchFZdCjQ_pZ6b9ZwOmN65Dkgsl3x9-AaFIYuZ-C4zSUfwIpb48j3ICBqR9sNRF8zhK59NdVP93-k_ma2FZkvsP4KmlDX60lzw7pIIBOUG6jTAi1rQloyL0HT7aBwdSMG_FxW8ZLUgfjGB4ZditLevM6ns9r5tRThikbw7sqPJb_Epg/s773/Whitney,%20L%201952%20-%20All%20About%20Guppies%20(4)%20Speartail.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="773" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl4ymECMxaYf9tYchFZdCjQ_pZ6b9ZwOmN65Dkgsl3x9-AaFIYuZ-C4zSUfwIpb48j3ICBqR9sNRF8zhK59NdVP93-k_ma2FZkvsP4KmlDX60lzw7pIIBOUG6jTAi1rQloyL0HT7aBwdSMG_FxW8ZLUgfjGB4ZditLevM6ns9r5tRThikbw7sqPJb_Epg/w640-h246/Whitney,%20L%201952%20-%20All%20About%20Guppies%20(4)%20Speartail.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Multi-Colored Speartail, courtesy of Whitney, L 1952 - All About Guppies</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><b style="font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">© Alan S. Bias</span></b></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">December 16, 2023</span></b></div><p><span style="font-family: times;">For the past two years give or take I've started back working with Speartails. Something I have not done since a teenager, and that was quite some time ago. Over 45 years ago to be exact. Foundation stocks for my current Speartail breedings were obtained from my good friend and fellow breeders Gary Lee of Taipei, Taiwan and Henrik Schneider of <span style="background-color: white; color: #050505;">Großaltenstädten, Hessen, Germany</span>.</span></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: times;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirl6FmaHXR3m1ilMx0ulwQPb3cX0oAgOIpqJ3M7Wna0cEpNsF4FT2WZOQ_uk7EMqqxJShg-By5TIXtFvbOUrc5lc1Hqi0mOszNUiDX6I5Q3XgwUsDadCg5ncSLfOAIy7kXvMdnR1V7UaOzB4fak1dSLF8P1c5Ek9tDh6vZw_3l7Kcdc7STFIaCH8_kHRY/s2986/P3200197A%20crop.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2091" data-original-width="2986" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirl6FmaHXR3m1ilMx0ulwQPb3cX0oAgOIpqJ3M7Wna0cEpNsF4FT2WZOQ_uk7EMqqxJShg-By5TIXtFvbOUrc5lc1Hqi0mOszNUiDX6I5Q3XgwUsDadCg5ncSLfOAIy7kXvMdnR1V7UaOzB4fak1dSLF8P1c5Ek9tDh6vZw_3l7Kcdc7STFIaCH8_kHRY/s320/P3200197A%20crop.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Halfblack Snakeskin Speartail, photo courtesy Gary Lee</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></span><div><span style="font-family: times;">Over the last several years, starting with IKGH stocks, through outcross and consistent selection Gary has produced some wonderful results within his Speartail breeding program. While working with varied genotypes, to date, he has concentrated primarily on showing Halfblack Snakeskin (NiII, SSb/t) phenotypes. Periodically entering his best fish in IKGH shows and providing his stocks to breeders not only in many parts of Asia, but also Europe and North America. His breedings and show results can be found and followed at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/guppymasterproject" target="_blank">The Guppy Master Project</a>.</span><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFaws7khDMpMzSEUW5H4OUHF95JJIbjRH3OeEllEfdbXlIB_YLhUvEXWOR45q_UsNcZ_ijLSuBsVYcaZkzDAwhLUVb5wTUqkyOOwhPqT6FcePKr4uhtR_b5EUvF2-g-csRlvLOKHXhYjxXjAH5HlQbvSndXSHSsdvmAqgK9wlDVXKT-lnKHGOp7ZFjnls/s1313/309857620_137748379004473_6927242014204486910_n.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="856" data-original-width="1313" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFaws7khDMpMzSEUW5H4OUHF95JJIbjRH3OeEllEfdbXlIB_YLhUvEXWOR45q_UsNcZ_ijLSuBsVYcaZkzDAwhLUVb5wTUqkyOOwhPqT6FcePKr4uhtR_b5EUvF2-g-csRlvLOKHXhYjxXjAH5HlQbvSndXSHSsdvmAqgK9wlDVXKT-lnKHGOp7ZFjnls/s320/309857620_137748379004473_6927242014204486910_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Schimmelpennig Platinum Speartail, photo courtesy Henrik Schneider</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">Henrik has also produced some wonderful results within his Speartail breeding program. He has concentrated primarily on Schimmelpennig Platinum (Y-Sc) in Blond (b) & Purple Body (Pb) phenotypes. Also entering his best fish in IKGH shows and providing stocks to breeders in Europe, and now Asia and North America. His breedings and show results can be found and followed at <a href="https://www.hessen-guppys.de/" target="_blank">Hessen Guppys</a>.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">At one time Speartails, and other small tail phenotypes, were quite common in North America and around the world. Reasons for loss of interest and thier demise can only be based on speculation. In part the rise of Broadtail phenotypes, to include delta and viel, in the 1950-70s played a played a roll in declining interest.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjjLMsPzObv9p-OqcLu2l3AzBwuqdLboUHW6K-_xbm6wXDLKYPo4UzlV30DsMLm9C9CtfoJJab7skP0OTInSZvi-bkG9rqFNunMFCOX2ElPeCc9X9Bt-pa3gpukGttLv6plGXSscCU9NVlWNEP8Nzm9tzD0SV2e42Zk3Pukwpe5qNeHDzC-qC53QMqX90/s1307/Madsen%201974%20-%20Aquarium%20Fishes%20in%20Color%20(Guppy%20Print)%20crop%20.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="729" data-original-width="1307" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjjLMsPzObv9p-OqcLu2l3AzBwuqdLboUHW6K-_xbm6wXDLKYPo4UzlV30DsMLm9C9CtfoJJab7skP0OTInSZvi-bkG9rqFNunMFCOX2ElPeCc9X9Bt-pa3gpukGttLv6plGXSscCU9NVlWNEP8Nzm9tzD0SV2e42Zk3Pukwpe5qNeHDzC-qC53QMqX90/s320/Madsen%201974%20-%20Aquarium%20Fishes%20in%20Color%20(Guppy%20Print)%20crop%20.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy Madsen 1974 - Aquarium Fishes in Color</span></b> </td></tr></tbody></table><span style="font-family: times;">I suspect an often lessor considered culprit came to play for many breeders. That being a rather complex genotype. Color and pattern aside, Speartail body and finnage is derived from several combinations of X-link and autosomal genes that are needed to produce desired results in both heterozygous and homozygous conditions. The latter producing long and thin elongations of the gonopodium referred to as "spirelli" in breeder circles. Resulting in a high cull rate.</span><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">Such extensions preclude use of many of the best Speartail males as potential sires without surgical alteration or at best use during a very brief period of time just after the onset of sexual maturity. Well before mature finnage and other attributes can be thoroughly evaluated.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">Speartail is also intrinsic with Opaque (Op) genotype. Another autosomal incompletely dominant gene which alters angles of crystalline plateletes which reside under the violet-blue iridophore structureal color layer. Producing "dull and muted" colors, i.e. translucent scale phenotypes. In homozygous fashion this color inhibition can be quite dramatic, again resulting in a high cull rate.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">Lacking a class to exhibit within the International Fancy Guppy Association (IFGA), Speartails are now rarely seen, if not absent, in the tanks of American and Canadian breeders. Though, they have persisted in the hands of Europian breeders and within the confines of </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: times; text-align: center;">International Kuratorium Guppy High-breeding (</span><span style="font-family: times;">IKGH) shows.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">In Asia interest in breeding Speartails has seen a steady increase over the last several years. Though, much of this interest has been commercially driven and not often in the hands of breeders dedicated to producing show quality stocks that adhere to established IKGH standards. While resulting in many novel Speartail phenotypes, quality is often lacking and many fail to take hold and persist in breeder tanks.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">On occasion, "spear-like" phenotypes are seen among breeder results with wild-type Guppies. Most of these do not stem from defined Speartail breedings. Rather, they derive from reciprocal Peocilia reticulata x P. r. wingei breedings. While such individuals can be refined through selection and backcross into true Speartails, most are used in a fashion which continues to produce haphazard results. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">As with all complex phenotypes, selection for Speartails cannot be maintained indefinitaely without periodic outcross from compatible stocks existing within a breeders population or from infusion of unrelated stocks sourced from other breeders. Attempting to linebred long-term or indiscriminately will result in severely reduced fecundity across all aspects, both visible and unseen.</span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;">Speartails, like many unique finnage modifications, require a rigid selection criteria requiring high rate of culling to produce a rather small percentage of desired result. </span><span style="font-family: times;">Upon outcross, initial F1 and F2 offspring will produce a varied result in dorsal and caudal expressions. Most of which will be culled from a breeding program. A select few may be used to recombine desired genotype. </span></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKdyfuq9x2DHJy14j50CZK0f9OuIKPxegsj73uX0BA5Hdha_JtEoNZcb98Gw1-KKHDqn2mUsMPjPr9aflmb1sIcw906JQ8KLQwRxn34-n21gXJwgt4ZwvLn6ApRqfzX2QQLj7UMBeX-PoBOQ0tcLmQKBygyFCPymOg3PkAssva8vK3tXxYVmgiij5yrg/s3908/DSCF5522.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2325" data-original-width="3908" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbKdyfuq9x2DHJy14j50CZK0f9OuIKPxegsj73uX0BA5Hdha_JtEoNZcb98Gw1-KKHDqn2mUsMPjPr9aflmb1sIcw906JQ8KLQwRxn34-n21gXJwgt4ZwvLn6ApRqfzX2QQLj7UMBeX-PoBOQ0tcLmQKBygyFCPymOg3PkAssva8vK3tXxYVmgiij5yrg/w400-h238/DSCF5522.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">F1 Lowersword x Spear outcross</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><p><span style="font-family: times;"></span></p><span style="font-family: times;"><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">At the moment I'm working with two specific phenotypes and outcrossings with my various Lowersword phenotypes, as </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-align: center;">seen in the following photos. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Will see where this journey takes me and if they will continue to hold my long-term interests? Only time will tell...</span></span><p><span style="font-family: times;"></span></p><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1NOAA_H5c605ZphBfxTapeoz5uNsqSgaclyHt8Cq96lWXqWgFUxgLwZj363i_mCQQcOppTCL-opDMxWARNb8XQCt8kR7YB-HzXBflYVlzrj-K_W6j451LmVxSLhcSPMXgoJYMWfV8ZWceGCb1gd9qLeRRjT29dN2rvYpywolGK90uKOPzwtfML5zW8NQ/s4003/DSCF2503.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2198" data-original-width="4003" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1NOAA_H5c605ZphBfxTapeoz5uNsqSgaclyHt8Cq96lWXqWgFUxgLwZj363i_mCQQcOppTCL-opDMxWARNb8XQCt8kR7YB-HzXBflYVlzrj-K_W6j451LmVxSLhcSPMXgoJYMWfV8ZWceGCb1gd9qLeRRjT29dN2rvYpywolGK90uKOPzwtfML5zW8NQ/w640-h352/DSCF2503.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">Blond Schim Plat Purple Body Spear<br /><br /></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZZ6u_rFzngNExEW2J5Mxuy0uql6W9Iz6xoPrFiIFCs60LsXd8CYif1e0CMK8L8J2zgQ2ACvJTt3mbQOAyTis5dcNvJBX3zp-5v_NQ-FhkAiegrWgZ95u-7i4T93hFRDGzsbOcpurRVJ90QpDD7AolnG5sIO8Yg7rCRsLuMijdjVVYmr2e1vvjfU7kek/s3657/DSCF0944.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2581" data-original-width="3657" height="453" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirZZ6u_rFzngNExEW2J5Mxuy0uql6W9Iz6xoPrFiIFCs60LsXd8CYif1e0CMK8L8J2zgQ2ACvJTt3mbQOAyTis5dcNvJBX3zp-5v_NQ-FhkAiegrWgZ95u-7i4T93hFRDGzsbOcpurRVJ90QpDD7AolnG5sIO8Yg7rCRsLuMijdjVVYmr2e1vvjfU7kek/w640-h453/DSCF0944.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">Blond Schim Plat Purple Body Spear<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeK74y5i_Vy-FJ3Txix8dUaNgZWDEHBnQDvB3uVqxLiQbqMRY1DtsOEndlovKrg-DQbgNJMzEjPDC1hg1FgsKUYJ6fUzdxYgGI5LG30D6uJ5YMBmCBLPYOyoSqUclr1JDRkKkH3G7GpYv_762HX3seTCAWxX_lHTOKtNpCldLDOQJQ5OlaMyAzMXssixs/s3759/DSCF2908.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2454" data-original-width="3759" height="418" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeK74y5i_Vy-FJ3Txix8dUaNgZWDEHBnQDvB3uVqxLiQbqMRY1DtsOEndlovKrg-DQbgNJMzEjPDC1hg1FgsKUYJ6fUzdxYgGI5LG30D6uJ5YMBmCBLPYOyoSqUclr1JDRkKkH3G7GpYv_762HX3seTCAWxX_lHTOKtNpCldLDOQJQ5OlaMyAzMXssixs/w640-h418/DSCF2908.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">F1 Lowersword x Blond Schim Plat Purple Body Spear<br /><br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEc1Gyv7BnFaKqX980K1Se1769zauv_x6dCEYQE3KcDVhGnuZe9ZcIM_R_eaoNPOGweg480JYRuU_mU8GNBpaXDIVFLj6BspEhCYKSj3uR-i5T9r7vgFy9ZXgXZJ8J_VyT8adERpej4W9aC_vvq_PhZnNFD5ejNx-61a-mmyhi_Tpap3HxNRZGLEYYgbw/s3474/DSCF2911.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2721" data-original-width="3474" height="502" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEc1Gyv7BnFaKqX980K1Se1769zauv_x6dCEYQE3KcDVhGnuZe9ZcIM_R_eaoNPOGweg480JYRuU_mU8GNBpaXDIVFLj6BspEhCYKSj3uR-i5T9r7vgFy9ZXgXZJ8J_VyT8adERpej4W9aC_vvq_PhZnNFD5ejNx-61a-mmyhi_Tpap3HxNRZGLEYYgbw/w640-h502/DSCF2911.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">F1 Lowersword x Blond Schim Plat Purple Body Spear</b></td></tr></tbody></table></b></td></tr></tbody></table></b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGyCYBXCkE87Y97eJ0KALFd4y2IF9X6nuBTq-yvE_J2iyIAb1ctHgFTPGFcl5oFFz3JQvMhyeE30Oz8TrqE_r6_5JeJXrgOof-5oEPIJ-NfNfWiHUg3j1PbObjSb_WatMN-tUr6O7bd17PpZ4M6Kxcow98lzp2wS7nw92a6QiD4F2olJmNuLMGvQMPLA/s3272/DSCF2454.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1939" data-original-width="3272" height="381" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIGyCYBXCkE87Y97eJ0KALFd4y2IF9X6nuBTq-yvE_J2iyIAb1ctHgFTPGFcl5oFFz3JQvMhyeE30Oz8TrqE_r6_5JeJXrgOof-5oEPIJ-NfNfWiHUg3j1PbObjSb_WatMN-tUr6O7bd17PpZ4M6Kxcow98lzp2wS7nw92a6QiD4F2olJmNuLMGvQMPLA/w640-h381/DSCF2454.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">Red Snakeskin Saddleback Spear</b></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_M99CvTbV-zshB0eOcLGIqHIQdxF5FOmuNyQshUBxdkeIxsbLN9T169qwRSswZTZMh0Dn-lXcwBwcs2r2mLEuCN8CupS2DTpMGM6_2I3rHffa26t9804xIDtWHvLCxOoixYkog19QR-LfcJW_Noy5yIrzTblDx0PCyQAFSDG1g8o5vKA7-sWOJmlavDY/s4608/DSCF2636.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3456" data-original-width="4608" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_M99CvTbV-zshB0eOcLGIqHIQdxF5FOmuNyQshUBxdkeIxsbLN9T169qwRSswZTZMh0Dn-lXcwBwcs2r2mLEuCN8CupS2DTpMGM6_2I3rHffa26t9804xIDtWHvLCxOoixYkog19QR-LfcJW_Noy5yIrzTblDx0PCyQAFSDG1g8o5vKA7-sWOJmlavDY/w640-h480/DSCF2636.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">Red Snakeskin Saddleback Spear</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRAgW5ThGuLHT59xDneedjCLzrwiinkqQ2o4xAk4yaVM3rCdUq2bYmDIai8dIeeDJ4OvE7biV9pKan45JeDkZVG0ofKUyy8nDMm_2xkJH-gaZv6CR7Eh-iwgp6MXBfFEG6ACTubZ7A2tGYpkM-J-5yp2lk8uKOeA1Ipfgfl-4aCcCLe7scAJCYYVxzl7o/s2879/DSCF2660.JPG" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2879" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRAgW5ThGuLHT59xDneedjCLzrwiinkqQ2o4xAk4yaVM3rCdUq2bYmDIai8dIeeDJ4OvE7biV9pKan45JeDkZVG0ofKUyy8nDMm_2xkJH-gaZv6CR7Eh-iwgp6MXBfFEG6ACTubZ7A2tGYpkM-J-5yp2lk8uKOeA1Ipfgfl-4aCcCLe7scAJCYYVxzl7o/w640-h456/DSCF2660.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">Red Snakeskin Saddleback Spear</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiVObFDiu2ZJhC6GMf3SO9XTMBu6xrFvYi4YakIJ4UaGcLU6J-uh_bvI0SY-tKg2RTyyBzZAK2yFtRfGdPKHiipWjohYRKp7Fa5LKVBqoHKd8Oa0QU8qSqg9sfOqp4lh1GKajfQO4EWgv3f36Wi-6bD8I9Xc5TMChbNlYJLc7HiD_Ms5_OItzX_Ofe8gU/s3035/DSCF2627.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1860" data-original-width="3035" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiVObFDiu2ZJhC6GMf3SO9XTMBu6xrFvYi4YakIJ4UaGcLU6J-uh_bvI0SY-tKg2RTyyBzZAK2yFtRfGdPKHiipWjohYRKp7Fa5LKVBqoHKd8Oa0QU8qSqg9sfOqp4lh1GKajfQO4EWgv3f36Wi-6bD8I9Xc5TMChbNlYJLc7HiD_Ms5_OItzX_Ofe8gU/w640-h392/DSCF2627.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: small;">Red Snakeskin Saddleback Spear</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i>Find you're spending less time in your fishroom? Maybe it's time to refocus and reaffirm your goals and interests in breeding. Show season is just around the corner!</i></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><br /></div></div>Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-34073712030337226092023-03-16T12:01:00.001-04:002023-03-16T12:14:23.461-04:00<p> </p><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><h2><b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 27.6px;"><span style="font-size: large;">Working With Vienna Emerald Swords</span></span></b></h2><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;"><i><b style="font-size: 12pt;">Do Breeders excessively concentrate </b><b>their</b><b style="font-size: 12pt;"> efforts on production of singular phenotypes at the expense of overall genotype?</b></i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;"><i><b style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></b></i></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi091HClAo8Ewa6-T1ewswOkpDFaH_ifv68ZAEiYJnjwEn5jIshuh-pBIpiY6KrTmD050-YUWQIKxdsg5HB0wDLpYOe0SmRI6aBY8pkyWrPJQ6Y9vG0TtOUw-JY52yYP4OFUNFHqo4ifRMSvvHjOo2_wiX50jXZ1W-WYswWERzMZDp4gu52l5AUJDOD" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1214" data-original-width="2048" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi091HClAo8Ewa6-T1ewswOkpDFaH_ifv68ZAEiYJnjwEn5jIshuh-pBIpiY6KrTmD050-YUWQIKxdsg5HB0wDLpYOe0SmRI6aBY8pkyWrPJQ6Y9vG0TtOUw-JY52yYP4OFUNFHqo4ifRMSvvHjOo2_wiX50jXZ1W-WYswWERzMZDp4gu52l5AUJDOD=w459-h273" width="459" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Grey Vienna Emerald Doublesword male</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>© Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>March 16, 2023</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">When it comes to breeding Vienna Emerald Swords, I find the biggest issues are often created by the breeders themselves.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Most
breeders try to maintain complex strains with far too few breeding’s in too
small of a population. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Especially, when
compatible breeding schemes are not utilized across multiple phenotypes comprised
of similar genotypes.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Such as Blue – Green
– Purple in solid or halfblack.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span>Compatible breeding schemes
allow for creation of a much larger “combined breeding population” within an individual fish room or shared among breeders who regularly exchange </span>their<span> stocks.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;">Several breeding’s made yearly and maintained in a
dozen tanks is a requiem for failure when maintaining complex phenotypes in isolation. In my
experience a minimum of 40-60 tanks are required to maintain a strain long-term.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Keeping in mind, a</span> breeding strain is not necessarily comprised
of a single phenotype.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather many phenotypes as a collective group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
times I run 80-100 tanks of Lowerswords, saving 50-100 drops per year. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A large population allows for needed beneficial
mutations to accrue through various genetic principles and mechanisms. This same concept also allows for identification and culling of deleterious alleles, without need for drastically reducing numbers at any given point in time.<o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeVv6s15ia79oO9kGwJRoYuPQH5CBlDKW5XAD5gj_TYJtG-lEY5gLVGcSDCkg47vBZWsKzsBcBLeh8VHsXas7qk4qtY7M0ewjI9Q2ScG3d4IVrdRZxJWKq55YwGFFXaNcp19zwXcahsXqAHNdWEW7mzws6SCcG91TSr2-rVkfPcnJcU4EPm77I90Ok" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1310" data-original-width="2048" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgeVv6s15ia79oO9kGwJRoYuPQH5CBlDKW5XAD5gj_TYJtG-lEY5gLVGcSDCkg47vBZWsKzsBcBLeh8VHsXas7qk4qtY7M0ewjI9Q2ScG3d4IVrdRZxJWKq55YwGFFXaNcp19zwXcahsXqAHNdWEW7mzws6SCcG91TSr2-rVkfPcnJcU4EPm77I90Ok=w364-h233" width="364" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Grey Vienna Emerald Lowersword male</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><span>Far too many breeders are focused on linear breeding’s
and routinely turning a generation with each breeding result. When your fish are at a point that is
satisfactory to you as a breeder it is OK to maintain a "status quo" and
utilize the same generation via lateral breeding’s for 2-3 years. Backcrosses
can further alleviate the perceived need to turn a generation to improve
results.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span><span>Think of your breeding program in terms of an isolated wild-type or feral population. Poecilia reticulata (Guppies) are not like seasonal breeding Salmonid populations. Healthy Guppy populations are maintained through multiple </span>breeding's<span> throughout the year, and comprised of multiple age groups at any given time. Why should we as breeders not maintain our domestic breeding programs along a similar parallel as found in healthy wild-type? I have done so for decades.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;">In addition to multiple sex-links both X and Y, sum total
genotype of "Vienna Emeralds" includes multiple autosomal genes. Both
recessive and incompletely dominant. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Autosomal
variation, the random nature of recombination among autosomal genes, precludes
production of a single "fixed phenotype" in high numbers for extended periods of time.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;">Mother
Nature imposes this principle for a reason. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">That being, autosomal genes confer positive benefit
only in heterozygous fashion. Attempting to maintain autosomal genes in
homozygous fashion long-term confers negative benefit across multiple areas of
fecundity within and beyond color-pattern, size and shape. An easy example to visualize is
Sickle Cell Disease. The sickle cell anemia gene confers positive benefit to
individuals and populations in heterozygous fashion, i.e., immunity from
malaria. Yet, in homozygous fashion is lethal.</span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNVJhGftBbEo9oC7qKCeQt13kts8nuP9alNCkn-IewFGlo_3wYk0ajKIuaeNBtxq6rahqeiOx_yGYXMk9_TK1nlTMlpZIleqSA4hH4pSyL1sMDlqIq00T9SpHsAXAXCqvwLDujlYZJRwQkjjQVaTMth2BMYYCq45qnb_a11Cqwxje1zs5Rfiz3DtQq" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1259" data-original-width="1817" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjNVJhGftBbEo9oC7qKCeQt13kts8nuP9alNCkn-IewFGlo_3wYk0ajKIuaeNBtxq6rahqeiOx_yGYXMk9_TK1nlTMlpZIleqSA4hH4pSyL1sMDlqIq00T9SpHsAXAXCqvwLDujlYZJRwQkjjQVaTMth2BMYYCq45qnb_a11Cqwxje1zs5Rfiz3DtQq=w356-h247" width="356" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Grey Purple Body Lowersword male</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Another example in Guppies is autosomal incompletely dominant Purple Body (Pb). Pb mode of inheritance allows for populations to be comprised of three phenotypes: pbpb - Pbpb - PbPb in a 1:2:1 ratio. Each construes positive or negative benefit in open or closed canopy environments under a multitude of predation regimes. In breeder tanks each is used as a "tool" for propagation and maintenance of specific phenotypes. When Pb selection is narrowed wild-type, feral and domestic populations suffer in the long-term.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: small; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQyWcy2F2Imj78BA-JwnhYEnDJqsWbNcTtze5qV5zZw3Mp2ro69EsJ7TYqmmzc36kuIBrp4E4G3-nlK9N5paTz_G5IrTBJzJ6lN8WFl-8Tr-4hMG9Mz0lLZSc466tX6vFL1IPKzXdepJULxzf3q3P3yA03qHZEohAl1rEkSb-KgJ3AY3Nbkf7rNcHi" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1352" data-original-width="2048" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQyWcy2F2Imj78BA-JwnhYEnDJqsWbNcTtze5qV5zZw3Mp2ro69EsJ7TYqmmzc36kuIBrp4E4G3-nlK9N5paTz_G5IrTBJzJ6lN8WFl-8Tr-4hMG9Mz0lLZSc466tX6vFL1IPKzXdepJULxzf3q3P3yA03qHZEohAl1rEkSb-KgJ3AY3Nbkf7rNcHi=w408-h269" width="408" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Grey Vienna Emerald Doublesword males</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table></div></span></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p></p></span></div></blockquote><p><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">These same principles apply to all autosomal genes, if you know where to look. What does this mean as a breeder of autosomal genes? </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Rather than seeking to narrow your genotype in quest of a singular phenotype, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">focus your breeding program on maintenance of multiple autosomal genes, in various states of zygosity, to produce a multitude of phenotypes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">within your overall breeding scheme.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></p><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0.25in 0in 0in;"><span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 107%;">In turn, this will strengthen your breeding population
as a whole. Yet, allow for production of a smaller percentage of desired results across
multiple phenotypes…<o:p style="font-size: 12pt;"></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-size: small; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEga9f5r-jE25_JYWk2J8_5ij87WqoYL8sRbgqVr-yoK6n1X6MJJXt5LVDlOwxaaWC8FHG8cAwXDHwQ1_vXfUllacMkuhRhrgF3T22xZTFLy5pwNwp7k6kvkA_rOoXk0c37-yl9XH-Mop5tfAWcABimTGiGEasP6AIE_qPFQdEUQ5aP-6V-YIp72RJDw" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1496" data-original-width="2048" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEga9f5r-jE25_JYWk2J8_5ij87WqoYL8sRbgqVr-yoK6n1X6MJJXt5LVDlOwxaaWC8FHG8cAwXDHwQ1_vXfUllacMkuhRhrgF3T22xZTFLy5pwNwp7k6kvkA_rOoXk0c37-yl9XH-Mop5tfAWcABimTGiGEasP6AIE_qPFQdEUQ5aP-6V-YIp72RJDw" width="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Grey Vienna Emerald Lowersword male</span></b></td></tr></tbody></table><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>The number of tanks you maintain as a breeder is not the point. Because it will never be enough. The point is whether you utilize your available tanks efficiently in quest of your desired result. Set your goals realistically...</b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="font-size: small; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</b></span></p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b></b></span></span></div>Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-55536448052438848662020-04-29T15:17:00.001-04:002020-04-29T15:19:24.360-04:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2>
<b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;">Skilled Vision Among Breeders</span></span></b></h2>
<b><span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></b>
<span style="background: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;">Historically, the best Pedigree Breeders always have and always will breed by eye. They are visual thinkers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;">Such breeders are often very instinctive and gifted with <b><i>“Skilled Vision.”</i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxc3UxqHW46r_aQU3dGcoWgJofE8qo8-y6puIXbjklg1LHN6MsmPCUX0NrwFyE2btU4_e8_34UO9q9tJsvbwz67YpKEb1_vfAk0HlnKqnQsTjg0JAGrAXXSfStnljlMZieikiPn9o6ipM/s1600/DSCF9317.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1057" data-original-width="1600" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxc3UxqHW46r_aQU3dGcoWgJofE8qo8-y6puIXbjklg1LHN6MsmPCUX0NrwFyE2btU4_e8_34UO9q9tJsvbwz67YpKEb1_vfAk0HlnKqnQsTjg0JAGrAXXSfStnljlMZieikiPn9o6ipM/s400/DSCF9317.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Golden Bunt Lowersword</b></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Permission granted for nonprofit
reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning
purposes only.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>April 29, 2020 </b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Skilled Vision has been loosely defined as a learned practice
that allows for recognition and productive results.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Based on powers of observation and acquired
knowledge, with far less proficiency in the language of science.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Successful breeders possess skilled vision to varying
degrees, and are able to develop a needed understanding of selection from hands
on experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Good practice results
from recursive breedings made over time followed by evaluation of results.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Incorporating skilled vision and practice in attempt
to control selection of genotype, while allowing for positive traits with reproducible
results in future generations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is
the nature of Domestic Pedigree breeding<span style="color: red;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Skilled vision can be viewed as a discipline involving
multiple sensory inputs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It has a
genetic basis, and is not simply the result of accrued knowledge &/or
environmental conditioning (formal education & training).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet, skilled vision can be enhanced through
breeder communications, exchange of ideas, formal competitions, farm visits, breed
standards and scientific knowledge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R6dTGyeBoBbX9312kVZxubUNAk9jk71EZ4SahbUkG26QnjUaEoJVh57EWD-zHeb7uFArTZPKl19mR6_Dog9J1mB0IiX_tEH-_hXPDfpaJ1vv_DjpcpfOy6pBWqqLMSaKC4I5ZQUhgsI/s1600/DSCF7028.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="815" data-original-width="1600" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0R6dTGyeBoBbX9312kVZxubUNAk9jk71EZ4SahbUkG26QnjUaEoJVh57EWD-zHeb7uFArTZPKl19mR6_Dog9J1mB0IiX_tEH-_hXPDfpaJ1vv_DjpcpfOy6pBWqqLMSaKC4I5ZQUhgsI/s320/DSCF7028.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Purple Body (Pb) Lowersword female</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Taken as a whole, skilled vision allows a breeder to process
and make sense of what is seen day to day.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Breeders often lack expansive terminology to express their accrued
knowledge to others.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rather than relying on anecdotal terminology,
the language of science can allow for conciseness in conversation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Is there a dichotomy between the art of breeding and science?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While science can help a breeder understand results
and clearly communicate them to others, extensive reliance on science in
breedings can result in a loss of “balance” in results.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This has been seen in many commercial breeds
over the last several decades.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">Is there dichotomy between a successful breeder and his lessor peers?</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">Yes.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px;">Those with skilled vision can take breedings to optimum levels of achievement and maintain them long-term.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqeZWAjQO0j4Iha5L4eLnLgMI-7RXOEuDoGKJwjAxji9WwCXN8YHv5t7aFj4bIlTbLB7VSX1mBGYM2e7yzN03n5ID1ctYPohdxNf9ofFNMbGw69_gQWvCbKFPGA9ZPvxzh4LwEprtQRE/s1600/2222.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="452" data-original-width="1600" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPqeZWAjQO0j4Iha5L4eLnLgMI-7RXOEuDoGKJwjAxji9WwCXN8YHv5t7aFj4bIlTbLB7VSX1mBGYM2e7yzN03n5ID1ctYPohdxNf9ofFNMbGw69_gQWvCbKFPGA9ZPvxzh4LwEprtQRE/s640/2222.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Various Lowersword "Bunt" phenotypes.</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Science allows me, as a breeder, to maintain a vast
array of phenotypes, with truly little effort, in a related breeding program through understanding of the sum total genotype.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Knowledge of</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> chromatophore interactions that determine color
& pattern; what is possible and what is not.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">While maintaining a reference collection of nearly 5,000
scientific research papers, this falls short of the visual aids I routinely rely
on.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the form or nearly 70,000 photos
of guppies from personal breedings and that of others.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To this you can add another 25,000
microscopy images made over the last 10 years. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">My breeding notes are embarrassingly minimal and
rarely referenced in day to day practice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Since childhood, sensory perception and visual analysis of the surrounding
environment has always been my preference.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Visual images often convey far more meaning than printed words.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, find little need to convert
images to words in my mind.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Observation allows
for a balance in results within my breeding program… <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grasseni, Cristina.
"Skilled vision. An apprenticeship in breeding aesthetics." </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Social Anthropology</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> 12.1 (2004):
41-55.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grasseni, Cristina.
"Designer cows: The practice of cattle breeding between skill and
standardization." </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Society & animals</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"> 13.1 (2005): 33-50.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grasseni, Cristina, ed. </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Skilled visions: Between
apprenticeship and standards</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">. Vol. 6. Berghahn Books, 2007.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Grasseni, Cristina. </span><i style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">Developing skill, developing
vision: practices of locality at the foot of the Alps</i><span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; float: none; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">. Vol. 3. Berghahn
Books, 2009.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-23461028351048112632018-10-16T11:42:00.000-04:002018-10-16T11:55:03.166-04:0035 Years of Breeding Blond Lowerswords<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "calibri light"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download link for complete publication: <a href="https://www.academia.edu/37594825/35_Years_of_Breeding_Blond_Lowerswords" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/37594825/35_Years_of_Breeding_Blond_Lowerswords</a> English and Mandarin text.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;">Early Bias Blond (bb) Purple Body (PbPb)
Translucent Scale (undescribed)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: bold;">Lowersword (Y-Ls) circa 1985.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Current Bias Blond (bb) Lowersword (Y-Ls) 2018.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri light"; font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size: large;">Download link for complete publication: </span><a href="https://www.academia.edu/37594825/35_Years_of_Breeding_Blond_Lowerswords" style="font-size: x-large;" target="_blank">https://www.academia.edu/37594825/35_Years_of_Breeding_Blond_Lowerswords</a> </span><span style="font-family: "calibri light"; font-size: large; font-weight: 700;">English and Mandarin text.</span></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-75944697389528219172017-03-31T23:50:00.003-04:002017-04-01T00:20:58.793-04:00Purple Body (Pb) study in Poecilia reticulata, an Autosomal Dominant Gene<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>© Alan S. Bias and Richard D. Squire<br />Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning purposes only.<br /><br />March 31, 2017</b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Homozygous <i>Pb/Pb</i> mal</span></b>e <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnY4vnNjG9aL4K0JVJDXSYDVNAFb0_WRsB0_-eCeWVpTlBEgO_sDVn8dmeSILyMr04IXp2u2TzU7KEp6QyLT9q8AROqV-ThDokUfyKK3zp8GSrVmzRjMQznI2Qixqwc65WzqX5wnJ-_5o/s1600/Fig+4+Desc.jpg"><img border="0" height="84" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnY4vnNjG9aL4K0JVJDXSYDVNAFb0_WRsB0_-eCeWVpTlBEgO_sDVn8dmeSILyMr04IXp2u2TzU7KEp6QyLT9q8AROqV-ThDokUfyKK3zp8GSrVmzRjMQznI2Qixqwc65WzqX5wnJ-_5o/s400/Fig+4+Desc.jpg" width="400" /></a> <br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(A) Heterozygous male <i>Pb/pb</i>, (B) Non-Pb pb/pb male </b></span><br />
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The Purple Body gene is located on an autosome. Breeding tests, involving this modification of orange spotting, reveal this trait to have an incompletely dominant mode of inheritance. As such a formal name and nomenclature of Purple Body (<i>Pb</i>) has been suggested (Bias and Squire, 2017a). [Note: Hereafter Purple Gene, or Purple Body Gene used interchangeably in reference.]<br />
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Wild <i>Poecilia reticulata</i>, both in native populations and feral introductions, exist in a previously undocumented polymorphic state; Purple Body and non-Purple Body. In Domestic strains both polymorphisms persist as a direct result of intended breeder intervention and as an unintended result of outcrosses between fixed phenotypic strains. The co-existence of the two phenotypes suggests a selective advantage under predation (crypsis) and in sexual selection (conspicuous pattern) under diverse ambient lighting conditions.<br />
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A generally accepted definition of polymorphism states: “(1) Polymorphism is the occurrence together in the same habitat of two or more distinct forms of a species in such proportions that the rarest of them cannot be maintained by recurrent mutation. (2) If a genetically controlled form occurs in even a few percent of a population it must have been favored by selection. (3) Polymorphism may either be transient, in which a gene is in process of spreading through a population unopposed, or balanced, in which it is maintained at a fixed level by a balance of selective agencies. (4) Owing to the recurrent nature of mutation, transient polymorphism is generally due to changes in the environment, which make the effects of a previously disadvantageous gene beneficial (Ford 1945).” <br />
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The violet-blue chromatophore unit and removal of xanthophores by Pb modification is required to produce an all-purple phenotype. The Purple gene has the ability to modify extent genome-wide chromatophore populations in heterozygous and homozygous condition, with increased visibility in the UV spectrum. As a result, this demonstrates selection favoring short “private” wavelength signaling.<br />
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Pb is now identified as the first polymorphic autosomal gene to be described as existent in high frequencies in wild, feral and Domestic Guppy populations. It is capable of pleiotropic effect on all existing color and pattern elements at multiple loci. It should therefore be considered a strong candidate for further studies involving “relationships between spectral and ultra-structure characteristics” in orange ornamentation, and extending to color and/or pattern as a whole as suggested by Kottler (2014). A mechanism is identified by which Pb is capable of balancing overall color and pattern polymorphisms, in turn providing fitness through heterozygosity in diverse complex habitats. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjXQQN3a03zdowis1ZHaI4Y6hs0xEwDbMlZXTj-q1tmZXwFE4g_LytKrGgGKOXDybMiruJaq0Ecuz6QInhFyhOq5OWR14PQAPWZ1LoaOSoAwXu7h1-J3zNOBUvvhbRG1_NUs71Qkl7wTo/s1600/Fig+2+Dom.jpg"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjXQQN3a03zdowis1ZHaI4Y6hs0xEwDbMlZXTj-q1tmZXwFE4g_LytKrGgGKOXDybMiruJaq0Ecuz6QInhFyhOq5OWR14PQAPWZ1LoaOSoAwXu7h1-J3zNOBUvvhbRG1_NUs71Qkl7wTo/s400/Fig+2+Dom.jpg" width="400" /></a> <br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>(A) Homozygous Pb (<i>Pb/Pb</i>) modified ornaments, expressing removal of xanthophores and increased violet-blue iridophores. (B) Homozygous Pb (<i>Pb/Pb</i>) modified ornaments, expressing reduced xanthophores and increased violet-blue iridophores. (C-D) non-Pb ornaments (<i>pb/pb</i>) expressing no alteration of xantho-erythrophores. </b></span><br />
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The following four papers and five supplemental documents are the cumulative result of a 3 1/2 year study by Bias and Squire of the Purple Body (<i>Pb</i>) gene in wild, feral and Domestic strains of <i>Poecilia reticulata.</i> Paper No. <b>1</b> - Formal Description, No. <b>2</b> - Microscopy Tissue Study, No. <b>3</b> - Microscopy Ocular Study, No. <b>4</b> - Domestic Phenotype Expression. <br />
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Select the "<b>Download Link</b>" tabs below to access screened copies of documents from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory's bioRXiv preprint server for Biology in .pdf format downloaded to <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlanBias">academia.edu</a><span id="goog_160140806"></span><span id="goog_160140807"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a>. After completion of peer review and publication links will be updated to Poeciliid Research Journal.<br />
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<b>1.</b> The Cellular Expression and Genetics of an Established Polymorphism in <i>Poecilia reticulata</i>; “Purple Body, (<b>Pb</b>)” is an Autosomal Dominant Gene <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32156193/The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_an_Established_Polymorphism_in_Poecilia_reticulata_Purple_Body_Pb_is_an_Autosomal_Dominant_Gene">(<b>DownloadLink</b>)</a><br />
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S1 TABLE – Condensed Breedings and Results <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32155640/S1_TABLE_Condensed_Breedings_and_Results_-_The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_an_Established_Polymorphism_in_Poecilia_reticulata_Purple_Body_Pb_is_an_Autosomal_Dominant_Gene">(<b>Download Link</b>)</a><br />
S2 TABLE – Expanded Breedings and Results <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32155641/S2_TABLE_Expanded_Breedings_and_Results_-_The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_an_Established_Polymorphism_in_Poecilia_reticulata_Purple_Body_Pb_is_an_Autosomal_Dominant_Gene">(<b>Download Link</b>)</a><br />
S3 Materials Full Description and Sources <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32155642/S3_Materials_Full_Description_and_Sources_-_The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_an_Established_Polymorphism_in_Poecilia_reticulata_Purple_Body_Pb_is_an_Autosomal_Dominant_Gene"><b>(Download Link)</b></a><br />
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<b>Abstract.</b> Modification of wild-type carotenoid orange and pteridine red coloration and spotting of male ornaments in both wild populations of <i>Poecilia reticulat</i>a (Guppies) and modern Domestic Guppy strains by the Purple Body gene has long been overlooked in research articles and little understood in breeder publications. This modification is commonly found in wild-type <i>Poecilia reticulata reticulata</i> populations from numerous collection sites and has been photographed but not recognized in these collections. It is non-existent or near absent in collections taken from variant populations of <i>Poecilia reticulata wingei</i>. We identify and determine the mode of inheritance, cellular and phenotypic expression by the Purple gene in these stocks. The Purple Body color pigment modification is a distinct polymorphism in wild <i>P. reticulata reticulat</i>a populations. Its existence suggests multiple benefits that satisfy female sexual selection preferences, and minimize or reduce potential predation risks. Photographic and microscopic evidence demonstrated that Purple Body is a normal polymorphism in wild and domestic guppies modifying color pigment regions. Purple Body is inherited as an autosomal incompletely dominant trait.<br />
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<b>2.</b> The Cellular Expression and Genetics of Purple Body (<i>Pb</i>) in <i>Poecilia reticulata</i>, and its Interactions with Asian Blau (<i>Ab</i>) and Blond (<i>bb</i>) under Reflected and Transmitted Light <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32156194/The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_Purple_Body_Pb_in_Poecilia_reticulata_and_its_Interactions_with_Asian_Blau_Ab_and_Blond_bb_under_Reflected_and_Transmitted_Light"><b>(Download Link)</b></a><br />
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S1 Materials; Slide Specimen Photos <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32155747/S1_Materials_Slide_Specimen_Photos_-_The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_Purple_Body_Pb_in_Poecilia_reticulata_and_its_Interactions_with_Asian_Blau_Ab_and_Blond_bb_under_Reflected_and_Transmitted_Light"><b>(Download Link)</b></a><br />
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<b>Abstract.</b> Mature Purple Body and Non-Purple Body male guppies differ from each other in several ways. Non-Purple males may have large numbers of xanthophores, erythrophores, and blue iridophores, in addition to the usual dendritic, corolla and punctate melanophores. Fewer violet iridophores are found. In contrast, homozygous Purple Body males lack collected and clustered xanthophores, although isolated single xanthophores remain. Violet iridophores and blue iridophores (violet-blue chromatophores units) abound. The dendrites of dendritic melanophores are finer and form chains with each other. Punctate and corolla melanophores in areas comprising orange ornaments are greatly reduced in number. The heterozygous Purple Body male has erythrophores similar to those of non-Purple males, but yellow pigment is reduced. The melanophores are not as greatly changed in orange ornaments. In Domestic Guppy strains, and at least in one suspected instance in wild-type, melanophore structure and populations may be further modified by one or more additional autosomal genes.<br />
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<b>3.</b> The Cellular Expression and Genetics of Purple Body (<i>Pb</i>) in the Ocular Media of the Guppy <i>Poecilia reticulata</i> <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32155960/The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_Purple_Body_Pb_in_the_Ocular_Media_of_the_Guppy_Poecilia_reticulata"><b>(Download Link)</b></a><br />
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S1 Materials; Slide Specimen Photos <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32155961/S1_Materials_Slide_Specimen_Photos_-_The_Cellular_Expression_and_Genetics_of_Purple_Body_Pb_in_the_Ocular_Media_of_the_Guppy_Poecilia_reticulata"><b>(Download Link)</b></a><br />
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<b>Abstract.</b> Our study revealed the presence of all major classes of chromatophores (melanophores, xanthophores, erythrophores, violet-blue iridophores, xantho-erythrophores) and crystalline platelets in various combinations in the iris and ocular media (cornea, aqueous humor, vitreous humor, outer lens membrane) of <i>Poecilia reticulata</i>. This novel ocular media study of <i>P. reticulat</i>a takes into account the distinct interactions of Purple Body (<i>P</i>b) based on results of previous Bias and Squire Purple Body (<i>Pb</i>) publications. Taken in conjunction with other researcher’s published results (regarding UV reflected color and pattern, vision, mate choice, individual preferences, and opsin capabilities) this indicates that these ocular chromatophore populations together create a complex ocular filter mechanism. This mechanism in turn provides spectral capabilities into the UV and Near-UV wavelengths in both Pb and non-Pb individuals. The chromatophores in the cornea, aqueous humor, covering membranes of the lens, and the vitreous humor comprise an ocular filter system that could reduce UV damage to the internal structures of the eye. The guppy’s ability to use UVA as a visual component provides a “private signally system” that cannot be detected by some predators. While non-Pb guppies should derive benefit in the near-UV from violet-blue iridophore units, greater benefit will be derived by Pb individuals with more violet iridophores functioning in the lower UV and near-UV wavelengths. To our knowledge little has been published for <i>P. reticulat</i>a concerning pigmentation within the guppy eye. Macroscopic and microscopic imagery is presented.<br />
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<b>4. </b>The Phenotypic Expression of Purple Body (Pb) in Domestic Guppy Strains of <i>Poecilia reticulat</i>a <a href="https://www.academia.edu/32156022/The_Phenotypic_Expression_of_Purple_Body_Pb_in_Domestic_Guppy_Strains_of_Poecilia_reticulata"><b>(Download Link)</b></a><br />
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<b>Abstract</b>. Modification of wild-type carotenoid orange and pteridine red coloration and spotting of male ornaments in modern Domestic Guppy Strains (<i>Poecilia reticulata reticulata</i>) by the naturally occurring Purple Body gene (<i>Pb</i>) has been long incorporated into their strains by Pedigree Stock Breeders. It is inherited as an autosomal incompletely dominant trait. Its existence has allowed breeders to produce a vast array of Purple based phenotypes. Photographic evidence demonstrates that Purple Body is a normal polymorphism in domestic guppies modifying color pigmented regions. When combined with currently used mutant genes such as Albino, Blond, Golden, Asian Blau, Coral Red, Magenta, Grass, Moscow, Pink, Platinum, Red Mosaic, Multicolor, and Full Red, startling new phenotypes are created. The recently described Purple Body gene (Bias and Squire 2017a, 2017b, and 2017c) has long been overlooked in research articles and little understood in breeder publications.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6R4-6XOtnQ6K8eyxDtEx6KzKGy3GtE6AzvjaTyM_lT6rARdVRmZIWriJ-kbkfJKt-W3FyZLHWi7r0Dk8TNO8aigMXy5cmymNhyphenhyphenJILD_TuN4lt9dJI10ZL-r6IgE71nI1QKh4yJfHDjlA/s1600/Fig+1+Dom.jpg"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6R4-6XOtnQ6K8eyxDtEx6KzKGy3GtE6AzvjaTyM_lT6rARdVRmZIWriJ-kbkfJKt-W3FyZLHWi7r0Dk8TNO8aigMXy5cmymNhyphenhyphenJILD_TuN4lt9dJI10ZL-r6IgE71nI1QKh4yJfHDjlA/s400/Fig+1+Dom.jpg" width="400" /></a> <br />
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">IFGA Purple Delta, photo courtesy of Terry Aley</span></b></div>
Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-39877915277851249802017-02-18T00:36:00.000-05:002017-02-18T00:36:15.024-05:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jemez
feral male<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">© Alan S. Bias – Feb. 17, 2017</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Permission granted for nonprofit
reproduction or duplication of photos and text in entirety with proper credit
for learning purposes only.</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">NOTE: </span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">All photos by author or Tom Coggins with express permission.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nestled high in the Jemez Mountains
of Sandoval County, New Mexico, at an elevation of around 7350’ (2240.28
meters) reside one of the most unique and oldest established feral populations
of Poecilia reticulata in North America.
This self-sustaining population is not only a jewel for livebearer
enthusiast tanks, but the focus of much formally published research. As with most thermal spring environments
throughout the United States, conditions can be rather harsh for a species
evolved in a tropical setting. Overall, size of habitable range is
normally limited by temperature extremes, predation, and water chemistry to the
first few pools near issuing thermal source.
In others habitation will extend downstream to a point where minimum
survivable temperatures are no longer maintained during winter extremes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">While published research indicates a stocking date ca. 1975
or before of “feeder Guppies”, Jemez has varying sources suggesting initial
dates of introduction ranging from the late 1940's - 1960's. This
coincides with most North American feral populations. Based on known genotype
and phenotypical expressions, the Jemez population is unique in that individuals
express little indication of founding members deriving from modern Domestic
Guppy strains. While likely not
wild-caught, they show little in the way of domestication. Since their introduction having evolved into
an interesting study population for researchers and breeders alike.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jemez
feral male</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Prior
published testing U.S. Geological Survey at McCauley Springs revealed a thermal
discharge rate of between 310 - 400 gpm.
The same study indicated an average discharge temperature of between
30.6 - 31.6*C. Specific Conductance
ranged between 160 - 180 S/cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Analysis
of tritium levels at McCauley Springs were indicative of water entering the
ground prior to 1953, though also suggestive of some water entering post this
date. Water is circulated in the upper
1500’ of the ancient Valles Caldera moat and heated by geothermal heat flux
common in the region. While many springs
in the regions are much hotter, McCauley is generally considered a “Warm
Spring”, with dilution in ground water supply, having a pH of 8.0 and
corresponding lower levels of most minerals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">My Jemez study
population derive from a large collection of individuals on July 15, 2016. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Guppy
habitation was limited primarily to the first two pools after thermal
discharge. Greater numbers of Poecilia reticulata and Gambusia geserei reside
in the first pool, as compared to the second. Average depth of poos was around
3 feet at center with shallow edges. Water
leaving the McCauley Spring Stream flows into the East Jemez River, before entering
the Jemez River proper. Water
temperature on the date of collection was just over 32.2*C at spring source,
with slightly varying pH readings of 8.0+.
Water temperature in the first habitable pool was over 31.1*C, with a
noticeable drop in the second pool. Each
pool was strewn with sand and rock of varying size. An abundance of plant growth resembling Naja
Grass (Najas guadalupensis) and algae was present in the first pool, while lower
pools lacked vegetation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The indicated pool temperature is
considered within “habitable range” for Poecilia reticulata, though it is
nearing the upper maximum limit. Extreme
limit need not be “lethal” in immediate fashion to result in long-term
repercussions. Male guppies have been
demonstrated to have preference for slightly lower temperatures (24.5*C) vs.
females (28.2*C) for optimal development of secondary sexual characters; in the
form of color ornaments and gonopodia.
Lower temperatures can result in delayed maturation, and higher
temperatures in deformity. Further
studies support a reduction in overall body mass, growth, reproduction and
locomotion, in both sexes, for individuals reared long-term in temperatures in
excess of 30*C.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">McCauley
Springs pool, photo courtesy of Tom Coggins</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Just as temperature restricts these
feral populations, so does predation. At McCauley predation in the first
two pools is limited to resident non-native Gambusia geserei, birds,
crustaceans, and insects. The
presence of Gambusia affinis in other locations is known to greatly restrict
feral juvenile Guppy population levels. Native
species of Rio Grande Sucker, Longnose Dace and Flathead minnow are found in the
East Fork of the Jemez River, well below the restricted Poecilia reticulata
zone of habitation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PHENOTYPICAL OBSERVATIONS</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Collected fish
showed no signs of parasitic infestation, nor have subsequent captive
raised. This population may still retain genetic predisposition for
resistance. Further benefit is derived in
the form of constant high water temperature beyond 28.9*C, which is lethal to
Ichthyobodo necator (Costia). Individuals pretty much match descriptions
of published research by Nicoletto & Kodric-Brown (<b><i>See:</i></b><i> Scientific Study Excerpts</i>). Overall individuals are very
reflective with minimal ornamental orange spotting in those collected, and F1
offspring. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jemez
feral male foraging</span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Captive bred F2
and F3 show an expected increase in both red and yellow color ornaments in males,
when reared with no predation. Spotting
remains very distinct, with circular patches surrounded by iridophore /
leucophores circular rings. Also, noted
is an increase in upper and lower sword ornaments with minimal extension.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nearly all
collected males and offspring are hyaline dorsal. Some express black
melanophores in the dorsal, but not the O. Winge trait known as Maculatus.
The majority of males express basic wild-type oval-tail, a percentage small top-sword
with minimal extension, and the remainder rudimentary flag-tails. A very reflective iridophore ring surrounds
primary ectopic melanophore “eye spots” in the anterior body. Violet-blue
iridophore pattern is present, in nearly all males in the body, to include long
linear patches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jemez
feral male</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Potential extreme temperature issues
manifest in two forms in collected individuals:
size and shape. Size reduction is
evident both sexes collected at McCauley Springs. However, this condition did not completely
manifest in F1 offspring reared under cooler temperatures. Males and females showed dramatic increase in
size under optimum temperature and feeding regimen. Though size disparity remained between the
sexes, with females expressing a proportionally larger increase in overall
size. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A high percentage
of collected females expressed little or no tapering of posterior peduncle,
likely as a result of high environmental temperatures in the first pool.
This “thickness” has alleviated somewhat in captive raised fish, though in general
thickness in female body form is much greater than many wild or captive bred
populations. Males in turn, have
demonstrated just the opposite.
Collected males demonstrate a “linear and lanky” appearance, despite low
velocity water conditions. Captive
reared, to a high degree, are much more robust in body type. In general, the overall body size has increased
and lengthened in both males and females.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jemez
Springs feral male</span></b></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All fish appear
to be heterozygous or homozygous Purple Body Mutation (<i>Pb</i>). Lifespan appears longer
than some feral populations I have worked with, and consistent with others. Research indicates they have evolved over
multiple generations under limited predation on a diet consisting mostly of
algae. Jemez males phenotypically resemble
the Kemp 2008 Quare study population in many ways, and likely demonstrate the
same fairly low UV peaks. Melanophore ornaments are both circular and
linear, with the latter more predominant. Good fertility is evident, with
moderate size litters of 15-30 fry. Based on breeding results this
population shows little, if any, sign of additional infusion from other sources
since initial stocking(s). All research papers seem hesitant to cite
stocking date earlier than late 1960-70’s. From what I have informally
gathered and observed, it seems likely an earlier stocking date is more than plausible.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A percentage of
males express Iridescens (Ir); “reflective dorsal spot”. This in itself is
suggestive of a much earlier stocking date. Ir was present in early
breeder tanks 1920-40’s and prior to modern collections of Poecilia reticulata
wingei (to include those known as Endler’s Livebearer).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Iridescent
Male with Reflective Dorsal Spot</span></b></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">All females are
color tail / neutral oval-tail, with the exception of limited purple-blue
iridophores (Pb expression) &/or yellow xanthophore in the form of </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Flavis (Fla)</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> in the caudal base.
Females express much in the way of reflective qualities, as found in
males, as compared to many other feral populations or wild populations. Including purple-blue iridophores, heavy
reticulation, and black striping on anterior shoulders along the lateral line.
This is suggestive of “overall” Jemez reflectivity stemming from X-link
&/or autosomal modes of inheritance.
Population appears homozygous grey, in wild caught and in captive bred
to date.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jemez
feral females</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Surprisingly, this population does
not exhibit a very high "fright or flight" response to human traffic
or movement from above, and is known for gathering around bathers entering the
pools in large schools. Under high
temperature parameters this increased mobility may be indicative of low
predation levels on adults (Gambusia geserei predation limited to juveniles)
&/or low satiation levels (limited food resources in small area of
habitation) for the group constituents as a whole. Collected individuals easily settle into
captivity in uncovered tanks with high water levels. Readily respond to feeding, and unlike
Poecilia reticulata wingei variants, take little notice during tank
maintenance. Though interestingly, when
removed and confined to small tanks during photography, males expressing near
wild-type color ornaments exhibit higher levels of agitation and continuous
movement, as opposed to those expressing increased color / pattern arising from
lack of predation in captive rearing.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Jemez
feral males</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">RESEARCH STUDY EXCERPTS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kodric-Brown (1989)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> utilized 2 study populations, Paria wild [<i>Trinidadian</i>]
and Jemez feral [<i>McCauley Springs, NM</i>]. McCauley Springs feral
express reduced orange spotting in comparison to other populations. Not
surprisingly, it was reported “<i>Females from the Jemez population showed
significant disagreement in their preferences for individual males</i>.”
Jemez males exhibit increased iridophore spotting (<i>blue and white</i>), and
increased circular and linear melanophore spots. Jemez males are very
iridescent purple-blue, often expressing: Iridescens (<i>Ir</i>), (Winge 1922b;
See also: <i>Iridscens (Ir)</i>, Blacher 1928; <i>Smargd
Iridescens (SmIr)</i>, Dzwillo 1959; <i>Blue Iridescent Spot</i>, Kottler
2013; <i>Reflective Dorsal Spot (RDS)</i>, Bias 2013).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The wild type guppies used in this study were from a third
generation laboratory colony derived from a feral population located in the
McCauley hot spring in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. This population has
been there for at least 16 years (R. Thorn-hill, personal communication). All
fish appeared to be in good physical condition. The three male tail types used
were upper sword, flag, and round... …These three tail types are common in the
McCauley springs population (personal observation). </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Nicoletto 1991).</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Offspring reared in the laboratory encountered different
environmental conditions from their field-caught sires. A laboratory
environment, with its abundant food and constant conditions, may have permitted
the expression of ornaments in male offspring that were present, but not
expressed, in field-caught sires… …In other words, in the laboratory
environment we may find an uncoupling of ornamentation and constitution, so
differences in the ornamentation of offspring of different sire types were not
observed. The uncoupling argument may also explain why the offspring of
preferred males were not more ornamented than the offspring of non-preferred
males as both the Fisherian and adaptive models predict.<b> </b></span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Nicoletto 1995)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In this study, the field-caught sires had significantly fewer
orange spots with less relative area than their laboratory reared sons…
…and the heritability estimate for orange was not significantly different from
zero, indicating little or no heritability. This suggests that the sires may
have been unable to express their orange ornamentation because of adverse
environmental conditions. The environment of the Jemez Mountain sires is highly
oligotrophic and the fish feed primarily on algae. I examined the gut contents
of 27 guppies in 1987 from the Jemez population and found all to contain algae,
and only one large female contained a single unidentified insect.
Although nothing is known about the development of orange ornamentation in
guppies reared exclusively on a diet of algae, they are known to have slower
growth rates than guppies fed Daphnia or Tetramin (Dussault & Kramer 1981). </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Nicoletto 1995)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Guppies used in this study were the laboratory-born offspring of
field-caught guppies from a feral population located in McCauley Hot Spring in
the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. This population has lived in the
spring for at least 23 years (Koster W, personal communication). These fish are
descendants of domesticated "feeder guppies" that are somewhat
similar in appearance to wild-type guppies (Nicoletto, 1993), but they are
probably not as variable (Endler JA, personal communication). </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Nicoletto 1996)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jemez males had significantly more iridescent coloration (x =
29.6%, SE= 11.40) than Trinidad males (x = 4.380, SE = 4.45). Jemez males also
had two types of iridescent spots, blue and white, whereas Trinidad males only
had white spots. There were no significant differences between Trinidad and
Jemez males for the percent of their bodies covered with orange or black color
spots... Both Trinidad and Jemez females preferred males with high display
rates, but differed in the relative visually-preferred males. </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown 1996)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jemez females preferred males with larger areas of carotenoid
spots, and pattern complex-ity. Female choice of males with complex color
patterns may, in part, explain the high degree of disagreement among the Jemez
females in their choices of males. However, complexity of the color pattern did
not seem to be an important factor in the PCA analy-sis. </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown 1996)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Guppies used in these experiments were descendants from a feral
population in McCauley Hot Spring in the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico. This
population has lived in the spring for at least 24 years. These fish are
descendants of ‘feeder guppies’ that are similar in appearance to wild-type
guppies, although they may be more variable in their mate preferences
(Nicoletto 1993, Kodric-Brown & Nicoletto 1996). Mating preferences
of this population have been extensively studied. Females differentially
respond to males with high display rates (Nicoletto 1993) and to displays of
longer duration (Nicoletto 1996). Jemez females also respond preferentially to
males with more complex ornamentation and more orange color on their body
(Nicoletto 1993). However, courtship vigor is correlated with carotenoid
pigmentation, and when the variance in display rate is statistically controlled
the preference for males with more orange color disappears. In this
respect Jemez guppies differ from other guppy populations (Endler 1980, 1983,
Endler & Houde 1995, Houde 1987, 1988, Kodric-Brown 1985, 1989). </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Nicoletto & Kodric-Brown 1999)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jemez males also have extensive iridescent ornamentation.
The role of these iridescent colors in mate choice is unknown. They may
function in long-distance attraction of females (Endler 1983). In this study
females did not respond to differences in the blue treatment, and this is
consistent with some previous studies using live males (Nicoletto 1993, 1995).
However, in a study of mate preferences by Kodric-Brown & Nicoletto (1996)
a Principal Component analysis showed that some females in this population
preferentially responded to males with extensive iridescent ornamentation.
Iridescent blue and/or violet coloration also seems to be an important
criterion in mate choice of several populations of Trinidadian guppies (Endler
& Houde 1995). </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Nicoletto
& Kodric-Brown 1999)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fish used in our experiments were laboratory-reared, first
generation descendants of females caught at McCauley Spring in the Jemez
Mountains near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The population was established by
introduction approximately 30 yrs previously. It experiences low predation
pressure, since there are no piscivorous fish. Males are highly ornamented,
with large areas of the body and fins covered with red and yellow (carotenoid),
black (melanin), and iridescent (mostly blue and white) spots. Females prefer
males with complex color patterns, large areas of carotenoid pigment, and high
display rates (Nicoletto 1993, 1995). </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown 2001)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jemez females mature much later than females from Trinidadian
populations that experience low predation and high adult survivorship.
Typically, less than half of the Jemez females mated to males at 3–4 months old
produced broods, whereas females from Trinidad were fully sexually mature at
that age (Reznick et al. 1996). We chose 6-mo-old females because at that age
all are mature and can produce a brood. At 12 mo, all Jemez females are still
reproductively active. In the laboratory, Jemez females senesce and begin to
die at an age of 18–24 mo. Senescence is characterized by smaller brood size or
cessation of reproduction. Although we have no information about the age
of females in Jemez Springs, gravid females of the size class of our
laboratory-reared 12-mo-old females are quite numerous. </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown 2001)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Age had a significant effect on female responsiveness to the
showy male image. Six-month-old virgin females spent significantly more time
viewing the image of the showy male than 12-mo-old virgin females. A greater
number of females preferred the showy male at the age of 6 mo</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[nths] <i>than at 12 mo</i>[nths]<i> or
after mating and producing a brood... Thus, female preference for showy males
decreased with age. Mating experience had no effect on the responses of females
to showy males. Twelve-month-old virgin females and postpartum females spent
approximately equal amounts of time viewing both showy and plain males. </i><b>(Kodric-Brown
2001)</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Our results document changes in female responsiveness based on
one criterion, male ornamentation, specifically the area of carotenoid spots.
The intensity and size of carotenoid spots are important criteria for female
choice in all populations of guppies examined to date, including laboratory
stocks (e.g., Farr 1980; Kodric-Brown 1993), naturalized populations (e.g.,
Nicoletto 1993; Brooks and Caithness 1995), and native populations in Trinidad
(e.g., Endler and Houde 1995). However, our results should not be taken to
imply that older females are incapable of discriminating among males and do not
show preferences for particular male traits. Because we tested only the area of
carotenoid spots, we cannot rule out mate choice based on other criteria, such
as other pigment patterns or courtship displays. Females from the Jemez
population do show strong preferences for vigorously displaying males
(Nicoletto 1993, 1995). So older females may well select males based primarily
on the vigor and duration of courtship displays rather than carotenoid
pigments… Our results have important implications for studies of
sexual selection. They suggest that criteria for mate choice may change with
female age, thus altering selection for multiple male secondary sexual traits,
including male courtship tactics. If older females are less responsive to male
morphological traits, such as carotenoid color spots, then males might
compensate in their courtship tactics and engage in more vigorous displays.
Indeed, male guppies have been reported to increase their courtship displays toward
larger, and presumably older, females (Baerends et al. 1955; Houde 1997).</span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (Kodric-Brown 2001)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When females were presented with 'mixed signals,' namely dull
males courting intensely, and males with orange coloration and low levels of
courtship, there was no significant difference in the time they spent with each
image, because females varied in their preferences for each image. These
results are consistent with the interpretation that the dynamic (courtship
display) and the static signals (orange color) are equally attractive. Our
results also support an alternative interpretation, namely that females of this
population show individual preferences in the relative ranking of these two
traits: some may show a preference for orange color, while others may base
their preference on display rate. The observed patterns are also consistent
with those found in a previous study of Jemez guppies using live males, where
females differed in their preferences for male ornaments (carotenoid and
iridescent spots (Kodric-Brown and Nicoletto 1996). </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown 2001)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To determine whether predation pressure affects female
preference for males with UV-reflective colour patterns, we compared the
responses of Jemez females with those of Quare females. The Jemez females were
from a population of naturalized guppies in McCauley spring located in the
Jemez Mountains of New Mexico, U.S.A. The Jemez population was introduced into
the spring over 30 years ago, and since then has had no piscivorous
predators. </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown
2001)</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Male UV Reflectance Patterns Colour patterns of Jemez males</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> showed UV-reflective components that
covered 4–31% of the body area. Most, but not all, of the iridescent colours
also reflected below 400 nm (near UV and UV). Among the iridescent colours,
white and purple strongly reflected below 400 nm, but green and blue did not.
Gold (yellow–orange) also showed a UV component. Generally, the area of UV
reflectance closely matched the area of iridescence visible in longer
wavelengths. Although the overall colour pattern was the same when viewed in
the visible and the short wavelengths, certain aspects of the pattern were more
noticeable in the UV wavelengths. Melanin (black) spots surrounded, either
completely or partially, by a ring of iridescent white, and gold spots next to
black areas provided a striking contrast in the UV. </span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown 2001</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jemez females Responses to male pairs matched for all colours.</span></i></b><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Females spent almost twice as long
observing a male behind the UVT partition as they did the same male viewed
behind the UVB partition. These results suggest that females not only respond
to the UV-reflective components of the male colour patterns, but that these
components contribute to the overall attractiveness of a male. <b>Responses
to male pairs differing in UV reflectance area.</b> Females, when given a
choice between pairs of males that were matched for carotenoids and iridescence
but differed in UV reflectance, consistently chose the male of the pair behind
the UVT partition. Difference in the time females spent with the more
ornamented male of the pair was positively correlated with the difference in
the area of UV reflectance between the pairs. These results indicate that
females respond to the area of a male’s colour pattern that reflects UV
wavelengths. <b>Responses to male pairs differing in carotenoid
area.</b> There was no effect of treatment (UVT versus UVB) on female
responses to male pairs that differed in the area of carotenoids but were
matched for area of iridescence and UV reflectance. Similarly, there was
no positive correlation between the time females spent with the more ornamented
male of the pair when he was behind the UVT partition. <b>Jemez females
Responses to the UV-reflective components of male colour patterns.</b> Females
from both populations spent longer viewing males when the males were placed
behind the UVT partition than when the same males were placed behind the UVB
partition. Jemez and Quare females responded in a similar way to manipulations
of the UV-reflective component of male colour patterns. Predation level
thus does not seem to affect female responses to UV-reflective components of
male colour patterns. <b> </b></span></i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(Kodric-Brown 2001).</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Conclusions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jemez Feral
Guppies continue to offer researchers an ongoing opportunity to study an
evolving population within the confines of North America. They also offer breeders a unique set of
“genetic tools” for use in Domestic breeding programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">My initial test
outcrosses are only in early stages.
Yet, based on observations of my ½ dozen feral breeding colonies a host
of potential benefits are possible in outcross offspring for color, pattern and
reflection. It is rare for breeders to identify
a breeding population or strain of Poecilia reticulata with the reflective
qualities and pattern expression exhibited in Jemez, outside of selectively
bred Swordtail strains or from infusions of P. reticulata wingei variants. While published research as quantified Jemez
ornamental traits along scientific standards, little has been documented along
breeder recognized traits and mode of inheritance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Acknowledgements</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Many thanks to my friend, and fellow
collector / breeder Tom Coggins (Missouri) for this recent collection.
Tom went out of his way to not only make this collection in New Mexico,
but deliver them in entirety two weeks later at my Southern WV home. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">References:</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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and temperature on metabolic rate.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>science</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>293</i>(5538), 2248-2251.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kodric</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "cambria math" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">‐</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Brown,
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(2001): 316-323.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kodric-Brown,
A., & Nicoletto, P. F. (2001). Female choice in the guppy (Poecilia
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kodric-Brown,
A., & Johnson, S. C. (2002). Ultraviolet reflectance patterns of male
guppies enhance their attractiveness to females.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Animal Behaviour</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>63</i>(2), 391-396.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Kodric-Brown, A., &
Johnson, S. C. (2002). Ultraviolet reflectance patterns of male guppies enhance
their attractiveness to females.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Animal
Behaviour</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>63</i>(2),
391-396.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Muñoz, N. J., Breckels,
R. D., & Neff, B. D. (2012). The metabolic, locomotor and sex-dependent
effects of elevated temperature on Trinidadian guppies: limited capacity for
acclimation.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Journal of
Experimental Biology</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>215</i>(19),
3436-3441.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nicoletto,
P. F. (1993). Female sexual response to condition-dependent ornaments in the
guppy, Poecilia reticulata.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Animal
Behaviour</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>46</i>(3),
441-450.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span id="goog_895903924"></span><span id="goog_895903925"></span><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nicoletto, P. F. (1995). Offspring quality and female choice
in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Animal
Behaviour</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>49</i>(2),
377-387.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nicoletto, P. F. (1996). The influence of water
velocity on the display behavior of male guppies, Poecilia reticulata.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Behavioral Ecology</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>7</i>(3), 272-278.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sublette, E. J., Hatch, D. M., & Sublette, M. (1990).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The fishes of New Mexico</i>.
University of New Mexico Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Trainer, F. W., Rogers, R. J., & Sorey, M. L. (2000).<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Geothermal Hydrology of Valles
Caldera and the Southwestern Jemez Mountains, New Mexico</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(No. 2000-4067). US Department of the
Interior, US Geological Survey; Information Services [distributor]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">USDA 2002, East Fork
Jemez Wild and Scenic River Management Plan, US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest
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National Fores, Sandoval County, New Mexico.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">WEETMAN,
D., ATKINSON, D., & CHUBB, J. C. (1999). Water temperature influences the
shoaling decisions of guppies, Poecilia reticulata, under predation threat.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Animal behaviour</i>,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>58</i>(4), 735-741.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Show seasons around the world are getting ready to kick off. Support them with your entries.</b></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Make some time to attend one. Great chance to meet some breeders in person...</b></span></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-67134569835734889202016-11-18T00:41:00.005-05:002016-11-18T01:01:09.672-05:00Poecilia reticulata: Domestic Breeder Trait Matrix Reference Guide<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<u>
Poecilia reticulata:</u> Domestic Breeder Trait Matrix Reference Guide</h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd9UPA7yPo_DQlMbezlD0DebDTNSTsbUiqP6UhLDSVX0aFzpU_t2IXv0J6n9rfRr4MQ_2gwfjGh-JohfOYAXhetiJq3dYXg5FXWk89-qa36AcZmakdZ_KmU7vL8bIwzeL32wgGOtLd6SY/s1600/DSCF1641.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd9UPA7yPo_DQlMbezlD0DebDTNSTsbUiqP6UhLDSVX0aFzpU_t2IXv0J6n9rfRr4MQ_2gwfjGh-JohfOYAXhetiJq3dYXg5FXWk89-qa36AcZmakdZ_KmU7vL8bIwzeL32wgGOtLd6SY/s400/DSCF1641.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Database Maintained by Alan S. Bias & Carl Groenewegen.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">© Alan S. Bias & Carl Groenewegen.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">November 17, 2016</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning purposes only.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>Note:</b> All photos by author(s), from published research, or by express permission of owners (unlisted for size).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>Purpose:</b> The purpose of the publication is to provide Domestic Guppy breeders with a Scientifically Published (primary) and Breeder Documented (secondary) Knowledge Base. One that will encompass known Genetics, Genetic normals, abnormals & anamolies, Wild-Type & Domestic precursor traits for color & pattern. It does not attempt to decipher specific phenotypes. Only provide the means to understand them.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "roboto" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><b>Updates:</b> Periodic as old or new knowledge is acquired or published. Suggestions and input welcome with source documentation and photos to alansbias@aol.com or cgroen9079@aol.com.</span></div>
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<b>Column A</b> - Reference Name: By Scientific Description if formally published, Breeder Terminology if Not Published.<br />
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<b>Column B</b> - Trait Type: Listed by Categories; Genetic - Normal / Abnormal, Body - Color / Pattern, Finnage - Color / Pattern, Finnage - Shape, Wild-Type Research.<br />
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<b>Column C</b> - Formal Genotype: Published Putative Genotype.<br />
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<b>Column D</b> - Informal Breeder Genotype: Documented Breeder Putative Genotype.<br />
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<b>Column E</b> - Mode of Inheritance: By Formal Publication, if lacking Breeder Documentation or Suspicion.<br />
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<b>Column F</b> - Description of Interactions: Brief Description of Trait in Abstract.<br />
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<b>Column G</b> - Other Names: Also Known As or See Other Linked / Similar Trait(s) Reference Name.<br />
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<b>Column H</b> - Formal Publication: By Author(s) / Year(s).<br />
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<b>Columns I & J</b> - Examples: Photo's or Drawings from Research first, Evidentuary Photo second.<br />
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<b><i><u>LINK TO .PDF DOWNLOAD VERSION: </u></i></b><br />
<a href="https://www.academia.edu/29928596/Poecilia_reticulata_Domestic_Breeder_Trait_Matrix_Reference_Guide">https://www.academia.edu/29928596/Poecilia_reticulata_Domestic_Breeder_Trait_Matrix_Reference_Guide</a><br />
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<i><b><u>Click in individual photos to enlarge...</u></b></i></div>
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<b><i><u>LINK TO .PDF DOWNLOAD VERSION: </u></i></b><br />
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<a href="https://www.academia.edu/29928596/Poecilia_reticulata_Domestic_Breeder_Trait_Matrix_Reference_Guide">https://www.academia.edu/29928596/Poecilia_reticulata_Domestic_Breeder_Trait_Matrix_Reference_Guide</a><br />
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-72290718476729259102016-11-06T11:37:00.000-05:002016-11-06T11:37:08.496-05:002016 IFGA Annual Show Photos and Results<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><u>2016 IFGA Annual Show Photos and Results</u></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Permission granted
for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit
for learning purposes only. </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">November 6, 2016</span></div>
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<b>For over 50 years</b> the highlight of the North American yearly show circuit has been the International Fancy Guppy Association (IFGA) Annual Show. Rotated yearly between regional member clubs this show serves several purposes. First, it offers both active IFGA members and non-member Guppy enthusiasts a chance to see the results of pedigree Domestic Guppy breeding programs first hand. Second, a time to acknowledge and distribute overall and class championship awards to breeders. Third, a place for the IFGA to conduct business at its Annual Meeting. Fourth, and often the most important a location for new and old breeders to re-acquaint with each other and simply talk about Domestic Guppy breeding.<br />
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<b>This years show was hosted</b> by one of the premier North American clubs, Michigan Guppy Breeders, Sep. 30 - Oct. 2, 2016 in Romulus, Michigan, USA. With 709 entries the show was a very successful event. Yet this number is a bit misleading, as it includes not only single entries, but also matched male and breeder entries. So, the actual number of fish entered was well over 1000.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUvBERYer4LgOPGiyrmLBdbTTzkq14uVJlIVw1k8HLGCCoWnnmPE5LIQMG4XoVd0WqwBSsjnCaO4TuMC_63K63g0OnSwCxofSrcAfw_wCdGvgTCwgQQz8lAKlCgPH4yP5ZrmCY90LQdUU/s1600/14590073_10154051879116234_6331362319276339188_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUvBERYer4LgOPGiyrmLBdbTTzkq14uVJlIVw1k8HLGCCoWnnmPE5LIQMG4XoVd0WqwBSsjnCaO4TuMC_63K63g0OnSwCxofSrcAfw_wCdGvgTCwgQQz8lAKlCgPH4yP5ZrmCY90LQdUU/s320/14590073_10154051879116234_6331362319276339188_o.jpg" width="320" /></a><b>One of the more notable events</b> at this years show occurred with Dave Polunas winning Best of Show (BOS) male, and Best of Show (BOS) Tank with well bred IFGA Purple delta's. I am also happy to mention that Dave Polunas was honored by Guppy Associates International Chicago with their yearly awarding of Guppyman (person) of The Year. This for his many years of dedication and service to the IFGA and support of Domestic Guppy breeding. Well deserved old friend...<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDc95sCKO6mJR81aR-lPEE4i_Qr70TJGeNBDWdxUa-IIrFf4IHrT9AhD8QIRj4gkfAcSZZIAgjdO4L96fWrg8Byvxv7tdDcil2MfWT2tmtTMm_1zzv9iM4B02NNUxMdeNZYWiKvEw9i0/s1600/DSCF9603a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="259" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidDc95sCKO6mJR81aR-lPEE4i_Qr70TJGeNBDWdxUa-IIrFf4IHrT9AhD8QIRj4gkfAcSZZIAgjdO4L96fWrg8Byvxv7tdDcil2MfWT2tmtTMm_1zzv9iM4B02NNUxMdeNZYWiKvEw9i0/s320/DSCF9603a.jpg" width="320" /></a><b>An accomplishment well worth</b> mentioning is Simeon Bonev's back to back winning of IFGA Grand Overall Male for 2016 & 2015. A friend and fellow Swordtail Breeder, he continually professes, "I don't really like Swordtails". Many of you will recognize Simeon from his attendance and support of recent World Guppy Contest shows. Well done...</div>
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<b>While emphasis at IFGA shows</b> normally focuses on Delta Tail males, it should be noted females have always played an important part in number of entries. A few examples from this years 100+ Annual Show females entries.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNo10ueXgW-fdE5YK8O6dkGB-XIPfbJaG_CGATAsU9poCWfpRMTZQ47Z1mLGQTr6rhWXVbyrfrNvlOTzvyd8ZsSIVPwWV1M_EZaoaR8WeOA7H6xd6q_4bjNXAQN7LygJ-K1S-qGJutjPQ/s1600/DSCF9517a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNo10ueXgW-fdE5YK8O6dkGB-XIPfbJaG_CGATAsU9poCWfpRMTZQ47Z1mLGQTr6rhWXVbyrfrNvlOTzvyd8ZsSIVPwWV1M_EZaoaR8WeOA7H6xd6q_4bjNXAQN7LygJ-K1S-qGJutjPQ/s320/DSCF9517a.jpg" width="320" /></a><b>Another often overlooked class</b> at IFGA shows are Swordtails, it should be noted Swords have also played an important part in number of entries with an ever increasing presence as a result of dedicated breeders. I'm happy to say that the IFGA is again addressing the issue of adding other non-delta classes to its shows going forward. A few examples from this years 58 Annual Show Swordtail entries.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6M2MhrFSgTDCGUzydaG_6wwryJ60er9sGQChlu9GOv0OpEhr5MaL1CmMY1K9TcGMEVG1NP88ltTbJO5dW8hfIL4MvIfg1LyPid8vJs-Gq8yfZIg3rfs0jYxgQk6tl0W5DGy29XMNTtdw/s1600/DSCF9349.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6M2MhrFSgTDCGUzydaG_6wwryJ60er9sGQChlu9GOv0OpEhr5MaL1CmMY1K9TcGMEVG1NP88ltTbJO5dW8hfIL4MvIfg1LyPid8vJs-Gq8yfZIg3rfs0jYxgQk6tl0W5DGy29XMNTtdw/s320/DSCF9349.JPG" width="320" /></a><b>It is nice to see </b>renewed interest in several classes which have been on the decline in recent years at IFGA competitions. One of my perennial favorites the IFGA Yellow Delta with 21 entries, most often comprised of either Schimmelpennig Platinum or Micariff phenotypes. A set of Schim Plat Yellow delta breeding's has been an ongoing side project in my fishroom for the last year. Now in F2 and backcross, time will tell if a delta will hold my interest long enough to produce a final result.</div>
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<b>For more photos see Rocky Mountain Guppy Associates: </b><br />
<a href="http://www.guppywest.com/show_ifga2016.html">http://www.guppywest.com/show_ifga2016.html</a><br />
<br />
<b>For IFGA membership and access to the Monthly IFGA Bulletin:</b><br />
<a href="http://ifga.org/join_the_ifga.htm">http://ifga.org/join_the_ifga.htm</a><br />
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<b>**************************************************</b></div>
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<b>Feed those youngsters well, change the water often, clean those filters, and cull heavily.</b></div>
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<b>Next years show season will be here sooner than you think...</b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-63540037226614080002016-08-13T00:32:00.000-04:002016-08-13T00:33:04.796-04:0019th World Guppy Contest (WGC), Vienna Austria<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">19th World Guppy Contest
(WGC), Vienna Austria<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">August 22-28, 2016<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Permission granted for nonprofit
reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning
purposes only.<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>August 12, 2016 </b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTmBGqAlXw9Y2CzBu4CorsvLhy6RiKDvAenkkI3ea3t37TrKUisvVseTtQX-CQIn6hDaKi_427U5H4Y_MXr_1QoHgrBqKkO8kJoLEuTa7_WLXoOukM9IHj0KOLy5hWMKdhpi3zklXJavg/s1600/DSCF6209.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTmBGqAlXw9Y2CzBu4CorsvLhy6RiKDvAenkkI3ea3t37TrKUisvVseTtQX-CQIn6hDaKi_427U5H4Y_MXr_1QoHgrBqKkO8kJoLEuTa7_WLXoOukM9IHj0KOLy5hWMKdhpi3zklXJavg/s400/DSCF6209.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Metallic Blond Bunt Lowersword, bred by Alan S.Bias</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Do you breed and maintain
Guppies to any set standard found around the world? If so, you should consider the opportunity
that exists this month in Vienna, Austria.
As a breeder you have the chance not only to exhibit your strain, but
also introduce yourself and in turn promote your breeding program at a true
world level. <o:p></o:p></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">In doing so, you will find a place for strains that commonly fit into accepted classes in North America, and those that don’t.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The 19th World Guppy Contest
(WGC) is a show that goes beyond local, state, regional and national level
competition. It makes a sincere attempt
to encompass set standards found among established Domestic Guppy breeding
associations worldwide. WGC shows are
geared to accept an array of Guppy color, pattern, and finnage phenotypes. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">WGC shows, sponsored under
the auspices of the World Guppy Association (WGA) traditionally occur only once
a year. The WGA relies upon the
volunteer efforts of a governing board comprised of elected officers, delegates,
host clubs, judges and most importantly breeders from around the World for
support in this annual event.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1996: 01. WGC, Osaka/Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1997: 02. WGC,
Nuremberg/Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1998: 03. WGC, Milwaukee/USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1999: 04. WGC, Rio de
Janeiro/Brasil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2000: 05. WGC,
Vienna/Austria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2001: 06. WGC, Prague/Czech<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2002: 07. WGC,
Nuremberg/Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2003: 08. WGC, Santos/Brasil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2004: 09. WGC, Milwaukee/USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2005: 10. WGC, Taipei/Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2006: 11. WGC, Prague/Czech<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2007: 12. WGC,
Brasilia/Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2009: 13. WGC, Ferrara/Italy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2010: 14. WGC, Belo
Horizonte/Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2011: 15. WGC, Boston/USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2012: - No Show<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2013: 16. WGC, Kuala Lumpur/Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2014: 17. WGC, Tianjin/China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2015: 18. WGC, Tampa/USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2016: 19. WGC, Vienna Austria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseurerVU5AF0tGVs25XmIJFhOd5_G71uGzcJnJjvFQ4ufiKYAHjFgk1fCpUi-Q8WlYeDfGJVcwydNFmRdye_lUvfueEOsvTAq3VmgUvj1KX8dsXnDB4hRcVWCS27QzjO0BI5npovpm1E/s1600/1450946_10151817091721234_564059475_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseurerVU5AF0tGVs25XmIJFhOd5_G71uGzcJnJjvFQ4ufiKYAHjFgk1fCpUi-Q8WlYeDfGJVcwydNFmRdye_lUvfueEOsvTAq3VmgUvj1KX8dsXnDB4hRcVWCS27QzjO0BI5npovpm1E/s400/1450946_10151817091721234_564059475_n.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>IFGA Green Delta</b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the early 1970’s as a young Guppy breeder
one of my favorite publications was Portrait Of The Guppy (1967), By Larry
Konig. I have read this publication many
times over since that time, and occasionally pull it out, though these days in
digital .pdf format, for a quick glance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">From this publication I was made aware of the early
diversity in Guppy phenotypes, emerging genetic knowledge, and more importantly
the existence of clubs at the local and national level. Though living in a remote region, by US
standards, it would be a number of years before I became associated with the
International Fancy Guppy Association (IFGA), successor to the American Guppy
Association (AGA). Starting in the late
1950’s members of the AGA put together initial standards for showing
Guppies. From which, the IFGA, later
expanded upon and periodically updates into current North American standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Of all the topics covered in Konig’s
publication, several comments in his final page of review have stood out in my
mind through the years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">First, he made a comment, <i>“not everyone who has been successful is willing to help his or her
fellow hobbyist. That is human nature
and we’ll just have to grin and bear it.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Second, <i>“it
is no crime to be stumped by a question, but it is very unfair to pass along
improper information.”<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Third, <i>“this
is a wonderful hobby, especially when shared with our friends. But the easiest way to lose friends, and for
the Society to lose members, is by misinformation. <b>It
leads to a loss of interest by the affected persons.” [emphasis added].</b><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Forth, <i>“we
are doing better each year, due to the fact that more and more people are
breeding and experimenting with stock from the best breeding strains available,
<b>and are often willing to share their good
results with fellow hobbyists.” [emphasis added].</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Entry of your stocks in WGC competitions not
only garners recognition of your breeding efforts, it offers breeders around the world
an opportunity to continue and expand upon your results. At the completion of judging entries are
auctioned or sold to attending breeders with a common interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.4px;">Are you open minded and agreeable to accept results based on diverse standards and opinions of a group of knowledgeable breeder judges? Then help promote Guppy breeding within the constraints of an ever growing worldwide community of breeders, by considering the opportunity this show presents. Show your support as an independent North American or IFGA breeder by sending some entries to this truly unique and worldwide event.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.4px;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are no entry fees for entry in the 19</span><sup style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">th</sup><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
WGC being held in Vienna, Austria from August 22-28, 2016. If you are interested in entering several of
your fish that best </span><span style="line-height: 18.4px;">exemplify</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> breeding results, you may contact <b>Frank Chang, Simeon Bonev </b>or
myself,<b> Alan S. Bias</b>. We will personally
handle cost, transport and entry through Austrian Customs of your fish to Vienna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">But, you must make arrangements quickly and
ship to one of us by the end of next week.
All three of us may be contacted via Facebook messaging to make needed
arrangements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij62zNMDzfZjIdYelMs68q8lZMDsX16Rg6GBGc8Knu5Y-l7BDNlDXLUe47L3UGWUXzT8YXDKkFiWrh5iNaLd0UsxoN22PpUpkLX0c7ZaO4s4nuhGkrrd0A2ILHjqqYzSqSr65WbNz9chA/s1600/DSCF6386.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="246" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEij62zNMDzfZjIdYelMs68q8lZMDsX16Rg6GBGc8Knu5Y-l7BDNlDXLUe47L3UGWUXzT8YXDKkFiWrh5iNaLd0UsxoN22PpUpkLX0c7ZaO4s4nuhGkrrd0A2ILHjqqYzSqSr65WbNz9chA/s400/DSCF6386.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12.8px;">Grey Purple Body Mutation Lowersword, bred by Alan S.Bias</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnuTOm-qpLEtXYkDPxpHiPNhjAFHKStnHpcoY26gS1mQ3A8Y6VS6hZvBogh4QHT09QKA3RDHV1uZs8lgEcCi_WuTJsSy93qBOAz-KyaCS-kCKwTMUtzcerbj-9JGkAVI1a7rnfrWUyCUQ/s1600/DSCF6327.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnuTOm-qpLEtXYkDPxpHiPNhjAFHKStnHpcoY26gS1mQ3A8Y6VS6hZvBogh4QHT09QKA3RDHV1uZs8lgEcCi_WuTJsSy93qBOAz-KyaCS-kCKwTMUtzcerbj-9JGkAVI1a7rnfrWUyCUQ/s400/DSCF6327.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12.8px;">Grey Asian Blau Purple Body Mutation Lowersword, bred by Alan S.Bias</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Links:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">General Show Information - <a href="http://www.worldguppycontest2016.com/">http://www.worldguppycontest2016.com/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Show Classes - <a href="http://www.worldguppycontest2016.com/">http://www.worldguppycontest2016.com/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">References:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Portrait
Of The Guppy (1967), By Larry Konig.
E.G. Publishing Co., P.O. Box 294, Eliabeth, NJ, USA 07207.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>Don't forget the final show of the IFGA show season hosted</b></div>
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<b>by Deep South Fancy Guppy Associates. Mufreesboro, TN. August 20-21, 2016.</b></div>
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<b>http://ifga.org/show_rules/2016/deepsouth_2016.htm</b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-26777394717624117292016-07-28T00:32:00.001-04:002016-07-28T00:32:39.868-04:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berkeley Springs,
West Virginia Feral Guppies<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1X9RC5LWenwZA-0uX5RZbOzfJTEg-E_B83PZKXvlErwer5QVAKxOBL25w0as-NwJXVLoXz3zQwI7_q7qNioDetOddT1WnfFOGGg5AjaqmTvQSV9nY4IfyKelPYYdHT6I2lKZjexsPUWs/s1600/DSCF4283a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1X9RC5LWenwZA-0uX5RZbOzfJTEg-E_B83PZKXvlErwer5QVAKxOBL25w0as-NwJXVLoXz3zQwI7_q7qNioDetOddT1WnfFOGGg5AjaqmTvQSV9nY4IfyKelPYYdHT6I2lKZjexsPUWs/s400/DSCF4283a.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px;"><b>Berkeley Springs Wild-Type Males</b></span></div>
<b><u><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>© Alan S. Bias – July 28, 2016<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text in entirety with proper credit for learning purposes only.</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">NOTE: </span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">All photos by author.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTRODUCTION</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When it comes to collecting feral populations of Poecilia
reticulata in North America, West Virginia is not one of the first places that come
to mind. While many Guppy enthusiasts are aware of Florida feral ditch
populations derived commercial farm escapees, few realize that self-sustaining
populations exist in thermal spring environments throughout the United States.
Conditions in each of these thermal locations can be rather harsh for a
species evolved in a tropical setting. Overall, size of habitable range
is normally limited by temperature extremes, predation, and water chemistry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Most of these sites have reliable sources suggesting initial
dates of introduction ranging from the late 1940's - 1960's. In general,
it is believed populations derive from aquarium based stocks and not
wild-caught individuals. Based on this knowledge, it is safe to assume
that foundation stocks consisted of Wild-type, Short-tails, Swordtails and
early Veil tails bred in aquariums.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Berkeley Springs Wild-Type Male</span></b></div>
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</v:shape><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In some locations habitation is limited to pools near thermal
discharge at the springs source, or just below when water is cooled to maximum
survivable temperatures. In others habitation will extend downstream to a
point where minimum survivable temperature are no longer maintained during
winter extremes. Fish that disperse or are born below this point will
perish in winter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Just as temperature restricts these feral populations, so does
predation. In some sites predation consists of local native species of
fish, birds and insects, while in others it may include a host of introduced
South American, Central American and African Cichlids. Often various
species of Mollies, Platys, Gambusia are also to be found. The presence
of Gambusia in itself will greatly restrict Guppy population levels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many thermal springs have one thing in common, that being
extremes in chemical composition of output water. Often water is very
hard with high Ph levels. To include high concentrations of minerals not
typically found in South and Central American waters. While introduced
Guppy populations survive, they may do so under great duress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A few states that come to mind with thriving thermal populations
of Guppies are Nevada, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Texas, Connecticut, Colorado,
Wisconsin and West Virginia. Yes, West Virginia has a thriving population
of feral Guppies at Berkeley Springs State Park in Morgan County. For
further location info and photos: </span><a href="http://www.berkeleyspringssp.com/"><span style="color: #509abd; text-decoration: none;">http://www.berkeleyspringssp.com/</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or </span><a href="http://berkeleysprings.com/history-berkeley-springs/"><span style="color: #509abd; text-decoration: none;">http://berkeleysprings.com/history-berkeley-springs/</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DISCUSSION</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berkeley Springs is typical of many cold or hot springs found in
West Virginia. It is considered a "Silica-rock" spring system.
As opposed to being fed by an underground aquifer, surface water
percolates through Oriskany Sandstone formations before returning to the
surface. Unlike many thermal springs arising in decomposed granite or
limestone country, those fed through Silica contain very low levels of
dissolved solids. Yet, Berkeley Springs water is very highly mineralized.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="line-height: 18pt;">The exact heat source for Berkeley Springs has never been
completely identified. Water exits the spring at a temperature of 74.3*F.
Compared to most geothermal springs this is rather "lukewarm".
An average of 1200 gallons per minute flows from the spring year round,
and varies with seasonal discharge estimates as high as 2000 gallons per
minute. Water leaving the spring stream flows immediately into Warm
Spring Run. The year round Feral Guppy population is limited to this
short section of spring stream. Warm Spring Run in turn flows into the
Potomac River after a journey of about six miles.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Best estimates for establishment of the Berkeley Springs Feral
Guppy population sets the date just after World War II, in the mid 1940's,
based on early observations of park staff and visitors. This is quite a
bit earlier than documented thermal spring stockings in Western States. However,
does not rule out later subsequent introductions. While the presence of
Guppies at an earlier date is feasible, populations would have been destroyed
or decimated by a series of catastrophic floods, between 1936-9, which
inundated the spring and spring stream. A flood control project initiated
between 1955-61 has eliminated much seasonal flooding of the spring stream
inhabited by Guppies. Yet, periodic flooding of the park and spring
stream still occurs. No doubt, drastically reducing Guppy populations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_EZkdhczozdAh71fax2-lGAB87BWxOuRXr4BKbwYJZgCHRiGUq9kkWwC37_bUnKXgXvkwse0twLATDVC4lU6p-sDTQJ18gQbqq3aRbxHfXBfn6A2yieIq_5bat3jHzBMUj-rpnSyWIn8/s1600/DSCF4334.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_EZkdhczozdAh71fax2-lGAB87BWxOuRXr4BKbwYJZgCHRiGUq9kkWwC37_bUnKXgXvkwse0twLATDVC4lU6p-sDTQJ18gQbqq3aRbxHfXBfn6A2yieIq_5bat3jHzBMUj-rpnSyWIn8/s320/DSCF4334.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Berkeley Springs Guppies</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Being a "warm water" stream, and based on migration
studies by researchers, it is feasible that Guppies could traverse downstream
into Warm Spring Run. Either by natural dispersal or during prior
referenced warm weather flooding. Numbers would be small and
heavily preyed upon. As you exit the spring stream and move
downstream predation by native species would increase. Some commonly
found predators would include Stonefly, Caddisfly, Water Beetles, Crayfish,
Sunfish, Bass, Catfish, Pickerel, Shiners, Suckers, and Bullhead Catfish.
With the return of cold weather, dispersed individuals would perish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today, the springs and discharge stream little resemble that of
former times. The stream is heavily channelized with rock retaining
walls, paved walking trails, and small bridges. Water depth is rather
consistent, to seasonal flow, within the stream bed itself. Most
variation is in the form of deeper pools that form underneath bridges.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PHENOTYPICAL OBSERVATIONS</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As with other thermal stockings, assumptions can be made based
on the time of stocking. Founding members of the Berkeley Springs Guppy
population would have likely been of wild-type, swordtail, and possible early
Veil tail available in the 1940's. Guppies are found the entire length of
the spring stream in great numbers. Some variation in both body type and
age structure can be found in the upper and lower portions of the stream, and
deeper pools. Younger fish and fry are commonly found hiding in plant
growth along the stream bank. Middle ages fish the length of the stream.
Older fish residing in deeper pools.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Today clear roundtails, doubleswords, topswords, lyretail,
Wingean wild-type finnage and ragged veil types can be found. Females for the
most part all appear color / tail neutral or express Flavis (Fla). With notable
exceptions being expression of topsword and occasional single dark melanophore
spot in caudal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Flavis (Fla) Female</span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjith_gLPGkvB-6zRGwwGDpwUJFs7cbcs01wMEL1YPXZ3Ni70efTgKGRjsWnM4nSqIxq8ZDJOsvm4ysv4BUZNN-IdxmEni4uMeqHROMr6C6m99m144MT5re8ps_jThEBC8X1D6WFupxnfA/s1600/DSCF4317.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjith_gLPGkvB-6zRGwwGDpwUJFs7cbcs01wMEL1YPXZ3Ni70efTgKGRjsWnM4nSqIxq8ZDJOsvm4ysv4BUZNN-IdxmEni4uMeqHROMr6C6m99m144MT5re8ps_jThEBC8X1D6WFupxnfA/s320/DSCF4317.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Metal Gold (Mg) Female with Black Caudal Spot</b><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a result of high flow rate of the spring stream, both sexes
are much longer and more streamlined than would be expected in a
"typical" feral population. While predominantly wild-type grey body,
a portion of the population is blond (b). Initial observations of
collected fish suggest predation has an effect on overall age, thus size, of
blond specimen's as compared to grey body fish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjweQwacgKVDjdO8SOEimK1c-u9jFe0rMjFJe1fqZ7SDKmxQHa-GBSRHv6md7Amz5bqeJhswS7ddoQZK5QcwKUGNPpeCrG8ILxf0h8ucNdDe4GRFK9NyDpQfDtNC8Wu8PVhwGXyieXlwk0/s1600/DSCF4254a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjweQwacgKVDjdO8SOEimK1c-u9jFe0rMjFJe1fqZ7SDKmxQHa-GBSRHv6md7Amz5bqeJhswS7ddoQZK5QcwKUGNPpeCrG8ILxf0h8ucNdDe4GRFK9NyDpQfDtNC8Wu8PVhwGXyieXlwk0/s320/DSCF4254a.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Blond Lyre-tail Male</span></b></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both sexes can express Metal Gold (Mg) in heterozygous and
homozygous states. As in many wild or feral Guppy populations Purple Body
Mutation (Pb) is prevalent. Expression of yellow in finnage &
body from Pauper (Pa) / Cinnamomeus (Ci) traits is also common. The
latter not commonly found in modern domestic or feral populations, thus
indicative of an early stocking date.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDBbnMw6d7vGHG0j5w2OexmMy_SptHr6o880UmEZVHKJDE5xtmaF-TsNLmJsTIvp4Ei47pygoDsx2VdPyyZPZhz1z-hl1XM0XsEyUVBeNUmb5cejtVLDLHXqPgluIWuiv1FjRxgOaXyfQ/s1600/DSCF4402.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDBbnMw6d7vGHG0j5w2OexmMy_SptHr6o880UmEZVHKJDE5xtmaF-TsNLmJsTIvp4Ei47pygoDsx2VdPyyZPZhz1z-hl1XM0XsEyUVBeNUmb5cejtVLDLHXqPgluIWuiv1FjRxgOaXyfQ/s320/DSCF4402.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Males expressing Pauper (Pa)/Cinnamomeus (Ci)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Overall, reflective qualities of the population are not what I
would describe as "vibrant." Still, iridescence is to be found
in many males. As in this highly reflective reticulata male who clearly
exhibits a "reflective dorsal spot". This is another
marker for potential verification of a very early stocking date. For
further reading on the origins of iridescence in modern Domestic Guppies:
</span><a href="http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2013.22-39.pdf"><span style="color: #509abd; text-decoration: none;">http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2013.22-39.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAs2mVtAcRX-vUDk7MJXwS8Ta-rMLkovhUZVoj1Odw6TWno6f3Z4z3WvAIzlzxDW4F3xdl2C6q-hG9Z0bTFkHcjE47UPpiQUoH0yd_2MR07hNN9Fng7HFsMdJxwqySaljGPv-R1dd3o8s/s1600/DSCF4392.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAs2mVtAcRX-vUDk7MJXwS8Ta-rMLkovhUZVoj1Odw6TWno6f3Z4z3WvAIzlzxDW4F3xdl2C6q-hG9Z0bTFkHcjE47UPpiQUoH0yd_2MR07hNN9Fng7HFsMdJxwqySaljGPv-R1dd3o8s/s320/DSCF4392.JPG" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Iridescent Male with Reflective Dorsal Spot</span></b></div>
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<b style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As Guppies are a non-endemic species collection of them at
Berkeley Springs is not discouraged. In fact, children wading with nets
are not only a common sight, but also one of the top predators. So get
there early in the morning if you are a serious collector. As a result of
all the human traffic this population exhibits a very high "fright or
flight" response to movement from above, and will readily jump out of the
water. So covered tanks &/or reduced water levels are recommended.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">On a final note, I would like to mention this population also
appears to suffer from a higher level of parasitic worm infestation than most.
Possibly as a result of duress from less than optimal environmental
conditions or maximum summer population levels? While I have not yet put
any under the microscope, be prepared to cull your collection when you arrive
home and medicate those retained accordingly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It should be noted that several other introduced species have
been reported at Berkeley Springs, to include Plecostomus and Zebra Danio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Acknowledgements</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Many thanks to my friend, and fellow collector / breeder Tom
Coggins (Missouri) for this recent collection. Tom arrived at Berkeley
Springs Park at 5:30 a.m. after leaving New Jersey at 2:00 a.m. to collect
for me. Arriving at my Southern WV home around 2:00 p.m. with a bucket
full to select from. Tom will be collecting feral Guppies this summer
from both McCauley & Rogers Springs, Nevada. It will be interesting
to see his results.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References:</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Courtenay, W. R., Jr., C. R. Robins, R. M. Bailey, and J.E.Deacon.
1987. Records of exotic fishes from Idaho and Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist
47(4):523-546.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="line-height: 18pt;">Courtenay, W. R., Jr., and J.E.Deacon. 1983.Fish introductions
in the American southwest: a case history of Rogers Spring, Nevada.
Southwestern Naturalist 28:221-224.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deacon, J.E., C.Hubbs, and B. J.Zaburanec.1964.Some effects of
introduced fishes on the native fish fauna of southern Nevada.Copeia
1964(2):384-388.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Donovan, J.J., et al. (2006) Springs, source water areas, and
potential for high-yield aquifers along the Cacapon Mountain anticline, Morgan
County, WV. West Virginia University. </span><a href="http://morgancountywv.gov/Planning/Documents/HRC3-MorganCounty-FinalReport2006.pdf"><span style="color: #509abd; text-decoration: none;">http://morgancountywv.gov/Planning/Documents/HRC3-MorganCounty-FinalReport2006.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
<i>Last checked 7.4.16.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Ecological Risk Screening Summary
(2015). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. </span><a href="https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/erss/highrisk/Poecilia-reticulata-ERSS-revision-July-2015.pdf"><span style="color: #509abd; text-decoration: none;">https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/erss/highrisk/Poecilia-reticulata-ERSS-revision-July-2015.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
<i>Last checked 7.4.16</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hobba, W.A. et al. (1979) Hydrology and Geochemistry of the
Thermal Springs of the Appalachians. Geohydrology of Geothermal Systems.
United States Department of the Interior. </span><a href="http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044e/report.pdf"><span style="color: #509abd; text-decoration: none;">http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044e/report.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
<i>Last checked 7.4.16.</i><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;">Lehman, K (2010) Warm Spring Run Watershed Assessment, Morgan
County, WV. </span><a href="http://warmspringswatershed.webs.com/Warm_Springs_Run_Watershed_Assessment_2010%5B1%5D.pdf" style="line-height: 18pt;"><span style="color: #509abd; text-decoration: none;">http://warmspringswatershed.webs.com/Warm_Springs_Run_Watershed_Assessment_2010%5B1%5D.pdf</span></a><span style="color: #333333; line-height: 18pt;">.
<i>Last checked 7.4.16.</i></span></span></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-45105066995613271242016-06-19T01:06:00.004-04:002016-06-19T01:09:22.927-04:00Has the Robson Guppy truly disappeared?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">Has the Robson Guppy truly disappeared?<br />By Alan S. Bias 6.16.16</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>© Alan S. Bias - June 16, 2016<br /><br />Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text in entirety with proper credit for learning purposes only.</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Reprinted from: </b></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.reef2rainforest.com/2016/06/16/has-the-robson-guppy-truly-disappeared/" target="_blank">http://www.reef2rainforest.com/2016/06/16/has-the-robson-guppy-truly-disappeared/</a></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">Robson Guppy drawn from early standard descriptions</span><br style="font-size: medium; text-align: start;" /><span style="font-size: small; text-align: start;">based on wild-type color and pattern.</span></b></td></tr>
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In the year 1937 A. E. Robson of High Gate, London, England introduced to United Kingdom (UK) members of the Guppy Breeder's Society (GBS) a new strain which would become known among Domestic Guppy breeders as the "Robson Guppy". A strain produces a visible phenotype; a grouping of multiple traits. The Robson strain incorporated two unique traits in females at the time. First, the phenotypical structure of the dorsal resembled that of males from other early strains, still bred today, including the Speartail. While the caudal structure resembled that of the Roundtail, also still bred today. The primary noted difference with Roundtail being a long tapering dorsal with extension well into the caudal round, as compared to early and modern Roundtail's which possess a much shorter and rectangular dorsal that does not extend into the caudal round. In example below a Robson type male.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Robson type female with Tapering Dorsal and black finnage.</b></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy Carl Groenewegen</span></b></div>
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Second, and most importantly, the Robson females expressed color in finnage. While this may seem inconsequential today, the Robson females are documented as being one of the first captive-bred strains to express either sex-link or autosomal linked color in finnage. Albeit, melanophores and not actual color pigment. In example below, a modern Black Moscow female with black finnage and extended non-tapering dorsal.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJyYDmxFzUuHT76SZ_7u7ZNhl8thoLp0eN4UMHQRPUx9nlWHN31Skiy6C2gvzzFAy1dq8Go2Iux2i9p8G2Lwyz3Y6nTCo_vs1tJOMRRGsG69GvHi26F7s2qerkga7p9QH8LJPBFs-_GE4/s1600/Desmond+Koh+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJyYDmxFzUuHT76SZ_7u7ZNhl8thoLp0eN4UMHQRPUx9nlWHN31Skiy6C2gvzzFAy1dq8Go2Iux2i9p8G2Lwyz3Y6nTCo_vs1tJOMRRGsG69GvHi26F7s2qerkga7p9QH8LJPBFs-_GE4/s320/Desmond+Koh+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<b><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robson colored female, with non-tapering extended dorsal.</span></b></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy Desmond Koh</span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiakjwr4Y1HkhcdSw4lNIPWbzE32mIwiHr2zpy3WILdAvXJbkbElqQ7Q-zyNtidF2uce22ozlpiWerJ-v5vEgGWJlWGXfghgG_kD7PbgsyHTTMXKYstrKoitYHAmdQ5DohEIxR9DIdAMiI/s1600/Stephen+Elliot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiakjwr4Y1HkhcdSw4lNIPWbzE32mIwiHr2zpy3WILdAvXJbkbElqQ7Q-zyNtidF2uce22ozlpiWerJ-v5vEgGWJlWGXfghgG_kD7PbgsyHTTMXKYstrKoitYHAmdQ5DohEIxR9DIdAMiI/s320/Stephen+Elliot.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robson male from some years ago, photo courtesy of Stephen Elliot</span></b></span></td></tr>
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<b>DESCRIPTION & HISTORY</b></div>
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At the time, scientific research involving Poecilia reticulata was still in infancy. Most notable researchers at the time were O. J. Winge, L. J. Blacher, Johs. Schmidt, C. P. & E. F. Haskins, J. P. Druzba, V. F. & A. I. Natali, and V. S. Kirpichnikov, to name a few of the more notable, who were doing studies near exclusively on captive bred wild-caught populations. In wild-type Mother Nature imposes many restrictions which best define "fitness traits" geared towards survival of P. reticulata as a prey species. One of which is "color neutral / clear caudal" females. Above lateral line female coloration is specifically adapted for camouflage from above, and below lateral line female coloration is adapted for camouflage from below. While minimal finnage appears clear to the naked eye and in the shape of a genetic roundtail.</div>
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The available published research at the time suggested wild-type females possessed little or no color pigment in genotype (XX-link), thus passed little color or pattern genotype to male offspring. However, when this information was disseminated to breeders by aquatic authors of the day, it mistakenly assumed the same results applied to wild-type results would also apply to domestic strains being developed. As A. E. Robson showed in 1937, this was not the case. His simple strain, by modern standards, proved P. reticulata females were capable of expressing color in captive bred domestic strains, extracted from traits existing unexpressed in wild-type. It would also help corroborate later research showing females were:</div>
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1. Capable of naturally possessing color in genotype (XX-link and autosomal),</div>
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2. Capable of acquiring color through chromosomal crossover (Y to X-link) during meiosis,</div>
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3. Capable of androgen based expression of color pigments.</div>
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By the early 1950's researchers were showing in captive bred wild-caught populations what breeders had demonstrated in their tanks fifteen years prior. That being, in native high predation locations much of male color pattern was preserved and passed not by Y-link inheritance, but rather X-link and autosomal. Flashy Y-link males gain benefit via female sexual selection preference in both low and high predation locales. Yet, suffer higher mortality in the latter. Therefore, it is not of benefit for males to pass high degrees of color / pattern and reflective qualities to all sons in the form of Y-link. The stage was set for development of the wide array of Domestic Guppy strains we see world-wide today.</div>
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It would be nearly another 10 years before the GBS recognized the Robson phenotype in its breeding standards of 1947. According to Klee, Robson females exhibited, "a large round jet-black tail and a black dorsal." The remainder of body and finnage coloration in Robson females was described as being blue iridophore and yellow Metal Gold (Mg), commonly seen in wild-type. Though possibly more pronounced? Males were described by Klee as, "lacking the black spots characteristic of the common guppy of the time, but they did have their tails and dorsal fins edged in black." It should be noted that more recent Robson type males (tapering dorsal & round caudal) express diversity of type found in color & pattern of modern short-tail strains. While those of earlier breeding’s were likely limited to “wild-type”, “multi” or “Vienna” body color and pattern. In example below, a male of Robson finnage type (tapering dorsal and round caudal) edged in black with modern Saddleback color and pattern.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrd9E8wqXzsFXQCCa5gtKjrV52E679l-8RL14_JO9f1l7wqb80pykLzqovplmwhXW0yqNmw51fZVJXSBB32absiX3YilaYAv4iTOWLTkXebJW-uDszu9n4cE-yooRSwStJo2r1E2qSDus/s1600/Gernot+Kaden+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrd9E8wqXzsFXQCCa5gtKjrV52E679l-8RL14_JO9f1l7wqb80pykLzqovplmwhXW0yqNmw51fZVJXSBB32absiX3YilaYAv4iTOWLTkXebJW-uDszu9n4cE-yooRSwStJo2r1E2qSDus/s320/Gernot+Kaden+1.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robson type male with Saddleback color & pattern.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy Gernot Kaden</span></b></div>
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While breeder lore indicates creation of the Robson strain involved the use of Cream (double recessive blond (b) + golden (g) females, Klee contradicted this belief, without substantiating, stating Robson infused "imported females that exhibit much black in their fins" into his gene pool.</div>
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While Robson Guppies were to be found in continental Europe, its core support came from breeders in the United Kingdom. The UK Federation of Guppy Breeder's Society (FGBS), successor to the GBS, standards defined the Robson in 1955 and 1961 as, "Caudal Fin - To be evenly rounded and free from any resemblance of a straight line or point. Dorsal Fin - To be long, slim, tapering to a point and extending beyond the Caudal peduncle. Standard Grey body only." As such, clearly defined Robson as a body style trait and not in regard to color or pattern. The FGBS was geared towards production of Short-tail Guppies.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiomha8kxjUVDS36-AIJRn6ng8LltlqbKdl1yCkjoP1XUqgt4vzgRc50W1OSdGnjRehH_KMis_j6su65WHSd5iEMQnOvupefN6HGU3AVO30lxYkmRPxMwUuVM4nvosAowFESMQGBEPHZDI/s1600/FGBS+Robson+1955.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiomha8kxjUVDS36-AIJRn6ng8LltlqbKdl1yCkjoP1XUqgt4vzgRc50W1OSdGnjRehH_KMis_j6su65WHSd5iEMQnOvupefN6HGU3AVO30lxYkmRPxMwUuVM4nvosAowFESMQGBEPHZDI/s320/FGBS+Robson+1955.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>The Robson Guppy, 1955 UK Federation of Guppy Breeder's Society standard.</b></span></span></td></tr>
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In 1961, UK Fancy Guppy Association (FGA), successor to the FGBS, failed to recognize in its Standards Handbook the Robson Guppy as either a body type or color class. Instead, listed, "FEMALES, ALL VARIETIES, COLOURS on fins should be varied and brilliant. In revised 1967 standards had apparently seen the error in previous interpretation of the Robson phenotype by re-classifying prior standard from that of a "body / finnage type" to a "basic body colour". Which stated, "Robson - Permitted only in the grey standard basic body colour. The dorsal and caudal fins must be black and no other colour on the body or fins is allowed."</div>
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However, by doing so had set the course for continued declining interest and eventual demise of this 30 year old phenotype. From foundation to demise the FGA was founded and geared toward production of Broad-tail Guppies. By 1973 the Robson phenotype was no longer included in FGA standards for either color or body.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_tzfrYupgq38fcMWh6zJHk8mEsi04qtvPUO4dNVjEFxRer0dJ-JbCqCXKhT4JflZb-geO4oStudMaAtYr4avvPG8pdhkFTW9H4guMh17sIPOEO4CyeEhb1cPkaxcC-gO51DQOfL-6lSw/s1600/%25E6%259B%25BE%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%2582%2591+Tseng+Huang+Chieh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_tzfrYupgq38fcMWh6zJHk8mEsi04qtvPUO4dNVjEFxRer0dJ-JbCqCXKhT4JflZb-geO4oStudMaAtYr4avvPG8pdhkFTW9H4guMh17sIPOEO4CyeEhb1cPkaxcC-gO51DQOfL-6lSw/s320/%25E6%259B%25BE%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%2582%2591+Tseng+Huang+Chieh.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="text-align: justify;">Asian Black Moscow female of Robson coloration, with tapering dorsal and minimal extension.<br />Photo courtesy </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "ms mincho"; line-height: 115%;">曾皇傑</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 115%;"> Tseng Huang Chieh</span></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfy6tf7ZvDzdVDUJ-UzlHH75xWbZ_n9QyoH-ZlOv901kZvu2E_FvFB6BEFT0Mv9REm_n-UhSaLwofIPBskxhY3QGd1Nzoz6PNXIk92RgkLU7FcF7VBqjkeYX4ufPygUyTR7dvzGRwPNzU/s1600/%25E6%259B%25BE%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%2582%2591+Tseng+Huang+Chieh+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfy6tf7ZvDzdVDUJ-UzlHH75xWbZ_n9QyoH-ZlOv901kZvu2E_FvFB6BEFT0Mv9REm_n-UhSaLwofIPBskxhY3QGd1Nzoz6PNXIk92RgkLU7FcF7VBqjkeYX4ufPygUyTR7dvzGRwPNzU/s320/%25E6%259B%25BE%25E7%259A%2587%25E5%2582%2591+Tseng+Huang+Chieh+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Asian Black Moscow female of Robson coloration, with tapering dorsal and minimal extension.<br />Photo courtesy </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "ms mincho"; line-height: 14.95px;">曾皇傑</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 14.95px;"> Tseng Huang Chieh</span></span></b></td></tr>
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<b>DISCUSSION & GENETICS</b></div>
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So what brought about the demise of the Robson phenotype as a strain recognized by formal Guppy Breeder Associations? As late as 1989, The UK Federation of Northern Aquarium Societies, in its publication, "A Simple Guide to Identification; Guppy (Fin Shapes), listed the Robson Guppy as a body type. The Robson was never formally recognized in North America by the American Guppy Association (AGA) or successor International Fancy Guppy Association (IFGA). Nor, was the Robson ever recognized in continental Europe by the Internationales Kuratorium Guppy Hochzucht (IKGH), active since 1981. From its creation in 1937 until the 1970's the Robson Guppy strain was primarily bred by breeders in the UK.</div>
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While the Robson Guppy created quite the stir in its heyday, it could not compete with changing breeder interests and new developments in their tanks. Interest during the 1950-60's was shifting from Swordtails and Short-tails to colorful new Broadtail strains. A standard limiting females to black coloration in finnage and none in body did not help in bolstering dwindling interest. Trying to locate photos of the Robson is like hunting a needle in a hay stack. Few, if any, seem to have been photographed by breeders in tanks or at shows. None of these breeders are active today. To date I have located only a single color plate indicative of a Robson male; see Madsen, J. M., (1975) Aquarium Fishes In Color. In example below, a male of Robson finnage type (tapering dorsal and round caudal) with modern Full Red color and pattern.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_nHOBR_CpaiqrOaval8HdLd0lMI-qojKIR8EAxrgzwwA6a4J12rxQL6vlV00kgOndUkvE6_SPuBweoqY0-LXX6coChAZ0v-UIztiY1syZsDGzZCzh1j6uLXxw4c5nBRwKsNOZjnPAKM/s1600/Gernot+Kaden+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht_nHOBR_CpaiqrOaval8HdLd0lMI-qojKIR8EAxrgzwwA6a4J12rxQL6vlV00kgOndUkvE6_SPuBweoqY0-LXX6coChAZ0v-UIztiY1syZsDGzZCzh1j6uLXxw4c5nBRwKsNOZjnPAKM/s320/Gernot+Kaden+2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Robson type male with Full Red color & pattern.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy Gernot Kaden</span></b></div>
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Like most modern Domestic Guppy strains the Robson was likely not the result of a "new mutation", rather the product of X-link, Y-link and autosomal traits hidden in wild-type. More often than not these traits are in simple non-linked combination passed by males and females, rather than a true linked complex that is passed to offspring in a single event. They are identified in captive bred population’s subject only to selection imposed by breeders and not natural predation or female sexual selection preferences imposed on wild populations. Large scale mutations are rare and infrequent events, being almost immeasurable. Small scale mutations, on the other hand, are being recognized as frequent and common place. These occur on both the chromosomes and autosomes in the form of transpositions in small snippets of DNA. While producing new phenotypes, this may also foster instability seen in breeder results within “fixed strains.”</div>
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In the case of the Robson, it is primarily comprised of X-link &/or autosomal:</div>
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1. Concentration of black melanophores in finnage,</div>
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2. Tapering dorsal structure with extension.</div>
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While modern breeders still commonly associated the term "Robson" with a tapering dorsal in females, it should be remembered for its greatest impact. That being, the first documented expression of color in females as a result of X-link &/or autosomal genotype. This knowledge has allowed for the creation of all expressed female color in modern Domestic Guppy strains. How much as a direct result of Robson females? In all likelihood not that much. In domestic breeding situations it is commonplace for similar phenotypes to arise in multiple locations, just as it is in the wild.</div>
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It is feasible Robson genotype for colored finnage in females was used to further develop new strains. If so, most likely candidates are early European black and purple Veiltails. As the genetic foundation of these strains was initially developed in the 1950-60's using females with X-link &/or autosomal black melanophores in finnage. From which later Black strains have been produced, in example below, Asian and North American bred females.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYWAjz7Hc8tlH87bQzB8dqhUZ8hnGfQpfO7lxeP6tL7z97VimKV1ZUTnEdYzwDKOUdGsSpAWo-0YDr-OI2UZ5Y7pcUTgiZW5Ei7dMGATAzdN-YtmmYmtqR9UP8KeLrw6li1BuWPjTBuDY/s1600/Desmond+Koh+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYWAjz7Hc8tlH87bQzB8dqhUZ8hnGfQpfO7lxeP6tL7z97VimKV1ZUTnEdYzwDKOUdGsSpAWo-0YDr-OI2UZ5Y7pcUTgiZW5Ei7dMGATAzdN-YtmmYmtqR9UP8KeLrw6li1BuWPjTBuDY/s320/Desmond+Koh+1.jpg" width="320" /></b></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Asian “Midnight Black Moscow Delta with non-tapering dorsal and extension.<br />Photo courtesy Desmond Koh</b></span></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgCbaXCR7VInD5qNDkt-ynCT48ZJoJnpzRVIR-0SydKOWf0SsGMt0XLav25nSP65EzxwCJjju6IfChjF_E5BywPMYSE1tCHp9AjBQGaKjN_mhOPLLc-zf9Xpw9777V57WSZghASxD0oE/s1600/Sun+Lee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCgCbaXCR7VInD5qNDkt-ynCT48ZJoJnpzRVIR-0SydKOWf0SsGMt0XLav25nSP65EzxwCJjju6IfChjF_E5BywPMYSE1tCHp9AjBQGaKjN_mhOPLLc-zf9Xpw9777V57WSZghASxD0oE/s320/Sun+Lee.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Asian Black Moscow female of Robson coloration, with tapering dorsal and no extension.<br />Photo courtesy Sun Lee</b></span></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDhq4yJs6nxDwQvea4x44cuLv2pxP7l9OokhCf0D6Em1NmLfHFv6NFIswCy-rSoiihxxx5xHfxwZW1NxCOxHIILWUqunlnNjIrTQwaCLZF_EMuTSDr2Upj1-Aoi-KxqHnsx_ysqc29L2M/s1600/Bryan+Chin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDhq4yJs6nxDwQvea4x44cuLv2pxP7l9OokhCf0D6Em1NmLfHFv6NFIswCy-rSoiihxxx5xHfxwZW1NxCOxHIILWUqunlnNjIrTQwaCLZF_EMuTSDr2Upj1-Aoi-KxqHnsx_ysqc29L2M/s320/Bryan+Chin.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">IFGA Black Delta with non-tapering dorsal and extension.</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Photo courtesy Bryan Chin</span></b></div>
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Breeders should always keep in mind that regulation of color and pattern is considered generally distinct between body and finnage. Regulation between caudal and dorsal is often distinct, between strains. As is extension genetics, which allow for variation in lengths of finnage types through breeder selection.</div>
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Tapering dorsal is still very much common place in non-black finned Domestic Guppy strains to include: Lyretails, Swordtails, Speartails, Pintails, and even Roundtails. Though, standards worldwide frown on a Rountail tail guppy with a tapering dorsal. Yet, this still serves a purpose. In that it further demonstrates a tapering dorsal and finnage pigmentation was never in a linked complex in the Robson Guppy. Nor, is a tapering dorsal linked in complex to caudal shape, as each can pass independent of the other.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgicL1ot9PpZVCDBzp6esree16VM8tfXRJsLBLoJRyxx70KZmXyc2krukYe2OkUMFtqAp2UxQ8WF0trb5BSagdHjRXbxrHaFgqtQhi4OZ8eUkcKB8k5qW5805U7AULnF_cdQeV-xpTJTUo/s1600/%25E9%25A1%258F%25E5%25A8%2581%25E5%25BB%2589++William+Yen+2.4.2004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="164" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgicL1ot9PpZVCDBzp6esree16VM8tfXRJsLBLoJRyxx70KZmXyc2krukYe2OkUMFtqAp2UxQ8WF0trb5BSagdHjRXbxrHaFgqtQhi4OZ8eUkcKB8k5qW5805U7AULnF_cdQeV-xpTJTUo/s320/%25E9%25A1%258F%25E5%25A8%2581%25E5%25BB%2589++William+Yen+2.4.2004.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Swordtail
female with Tapering Dorsal ca. 2004.<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 0.5in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"> Photo courtesy </span></b><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "ms mincho";">顏威廉</span></b></span><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">
William Yen</span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1quJqqv67ocYjxvKbp-L4yDwqg5O5AlUnaP2-UdXekzJ5joeYJkwGtcbqFk_22kPRUiFHahobgyFCGc9nsSfytDyGaLkOtEEBtwkJYY_OwDslCDopZhKO9v7xnaYorgRPM0jSYmFkPXg/s1600/DSCF2480.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1quJqqv67ocYjxvKbp-L4yDwqg5O5AlUnaP2-UdXekzJ5joeYJkwGtcbqFk_22kPRUiFHahobgyFCGc9nsSfytDyGaLkOtEEBtwkJYY_OwDslCDopZhKO9v7xnaYorgRPM0jSYmFkPXg/s320/DSCF2480.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Red Double Sword female with Tapering Dorsal.</b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Photo by Alan S. Bias</b></span></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinqFsDkj48xOoo9e2Ky_vJU2JJT4mhEYGk8USmI-cdja6KsXseTCdD5WXWIgDwJms5MY-Oaedtacg980ZGeMjvD2CTkhe13uXdH-30jBcmQkFR_-T8lGq0pRQVNAXF_WtfylbUpaxOMWQ/s1600/Carl+Groenewegen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinqFsDkj48xOoo9e2Ky_vJU2JJT4mhEYGk8USmI-cdja6KsXseTCdD5WXWIgDwJms5MY-Oaedtacg980ZGeMjvD2CTkhe13uXdH-30jBcmQkFR_-T8lGq0pRQVNAXF_WtfylbUpaxOMWQ/s320/Carl+Groenewegen.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Delta female with Tapering Dorsal.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Photo courtesy Carl Groenewegen</b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5b9jgxAMShT9MT2DACaGxT_J6doqJ8GZMIqL5h3DuRFEbWM9etzU-Ny5yb0thypfDPTeBVG6P7Af4mM0xjLTz_4gsWCKN3LOXv5CSaKNvGOZB0grFpbaZyUKypLd6489OD2hVrjDRoPg/s1600/Gary+Lee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5b9jgxAMShT9MT2DACaGxT_J6doqJ8GZMIqL5h3DuRFEbWM9etzU-Ny5yb0thypfDPTeBVG6P7Af4mM0xjLTz_4gsWCKN3LOXv5CSaKNvGOZB0grFpbaZyUKypLd6489OD2hVrjDRoPg/s320/Gary+Lee.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Asian X-link Double sword female with Tapering Dorsal.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Photo courtesy Gary Lee</b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
So has the Robson Guppy truly disappeared from breeder tanks? As a strain defined by earlier standards, possibly. In contribution to current breeding's? Not likely, as all components are still found worldwide in many improved strains. Thus, with effort, could potentially be re-constituted in original form with well-defined breeding's.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>NOTE:</b> All photos by author or used with express permission of breeder / photographer.<br /><br /><b>CONTRIBUTORS:</b> Stephen Elliot, Kettering, England.<br /><br /><b>REFERENCES:</b><br /><br />FGA, (1961, 1967, 1973) Standards Handbooks, First Edition 1961, Revised 1967, Revised 1973.<br /><br />FGBS, (1955, 1961) The Guppy Breeders's Standards Handbook, Seventh Edition, Rev. Jan., 1955, Eighth Edition, Rev. Jan., 1961.<br /><br />Frazer-Brunner, A. (1953) The Guppy, The Aquarist, Reprinted 1953.<br /><br />Haskins, C.P. & Haskins E. F. (1951) The Inheritance of Certain Color Patterns in Wild Populations of Lebistes reticulatus in Trinidad.<br /><br />Klee, Albert J., (2003) The Guppy 1859-1967, Finley Aquatic Books.<br /><br />Madsen, J. M., (1975) Aquarium Fishes In Color, Macmillan Publishing, Co.<br /><br />Stoye, F. H., (1934) Color Breeding of Guppies, The Aquarium, Vol. III, No. 2, June 1934, pgs 32-33.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253"></a>The Federation of Northern Aquarium Societies, (1989), A Simple Guide to Identification; Guppy (Fin Shapes).</span><br />
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1436218126291303253" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; font-size: medium; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 115%;">This years 19th World Guppy
Contest (WGC) is being held in Vienna, Austria this coming August 22-28,
2016, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #509abd; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><a href="http://www.worldguppycontest2016.com/" target="_blank">http://www.worldguppycontest2016.com/</a><span id="goog_110980855"></span><span id="goog_110980856"></span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/"></a></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 115%;">. This in followup to last years highly successful 18th WGC held
in Tampa, Florida USA, by the Florida Guppy Club. Held under the auspices
of the World Guppy Association, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: #509abd; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;">/<a href="http://www.world-guppy.org/" target="_blank">http://www.world-guppy.org/</a></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 115%;">, WGC contests are traditionally rotated around the world each year.
I have wanted to attend a show hosted by the Austrian Club, one of the
oldest in the world, since a teenager. Now I will attend and have been
humbled and honored with an invitation to judge the event. This
show promises attract breeders from around the world. There is still time
to plan a trip if within your means.</span></span></b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-71865559257013207342016-04-05T03:36:00.000-04:002016-04-05T03:49:42.833-04:00Report on China Guppy Club Show, March 18-20, 2016<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;">China Guppy Club Show,<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;">March 18-20, 2016, Guangzhou China;</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 20.0pt;">1<sup>st</sup> China
– America Global Contest<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">© Alan S. Bias</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">(4.4.2016)<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Permission
granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with
proper credit for learning purposes only.
All photos courtesy of China Guppy Club, unless otherwise credited.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Remember you can click on any photos to enlarge.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JUDGING
TEAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pictured
from right to left: Alan S. Bias (USA), Wang
Zuo wei “Wind” (China), Frank Chang (USA), Eddie Lee (Taiwan), Hwang zong
(China), Tsen hwang-jei (Taiwan), Anshin Liu (Taiwan).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After what seemed like
months of preparation fellow IFGA member Carl Groenewegen and myself set off on
our two week tour of China and Taiwan.
The trip to Guangzhou, China itself comprised over 40 hours of driving,
flights and layovers. The return trip
would be nearly 50 hours from Taipei, Taiwan.
Upon arrival in Guangzhou, China, we were greeted at the airport by my
friend and president of the China Guppy Club Wang Zuo wei. Better known to most Guppy breeders around the
world as “Wind Wang”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The next two days were
comprised of a world-wind of tours to include YiDing Aquarium Factory and the
world’s largest Aquarium Fish Wholesale and Retail Market. YiDing produces over 100,000 handmade tanks
in a multitude of configurations each year.
Many of which are seamless glass fronts, utilizing a heated process to
bend the glass. The live fish market
covered many blocks and housed literally hundreds of vendors and shops. The sheer volume of fish numbers and species
in itself was staggering. The overall
state of health of the fish and reptiles leaves much to be desired when
compared to what the average American is used to seeing in retail outlets.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At the conclusion of
each visit owners would treat us to a sit-down with their favorite varieties of
hot tea. At midday a large meal and at
the end of each day a dinner consisting of 10-15 dishes of local cuisine. Over the course of a week we rarely had the
same dish twice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fellow IFGA breeder and
judge Frank Chang, who had left the States a week earlier to visit family in
Beijing, China, joined us in Guangzhou the day before start of the show. Thus, comprising International Fancy Guppy
Association (IFGA) members in attendance as Carl Groenewegen (OH), Frank Chang
(CA) and Alan S. Bias (WV). The show
itself being supported by entries from IFGA members: Simeon Bonev (MI), Dr. John Flack (IL), Joe
Mason (FL), Gary & Tim Mousseau (MI), Carl Groenewegen (OH), Frank Chang
(CA) and Alan S. Bias (WV). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR2tvpq5JikkezhSODGjPaHRB18WJgR8cBqM8IZg5oWDvD5g3FYaRhNmjRsGCSnVqV5iwB9tUn7dvBWq3dluzslGAGZdzqo8J3XsptblHo2WA8JwJ09VVUJA-FXJK0ya7MhIDLy585HoU/s1600/DSCF8217.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR2tvpq5JikkezhSODGjPaHRB18WJgR8cBqM8IZg5oWDvD5g3FYaRhNmjRsGCSnVqV5iwB9tUn7dvBWq3dluzslGAGZdzqo8J3XsptblHo2WA8JwJ09VVUJA-FXJK0ya7MhIDLy585HoU/s400/DSCF8217.JPG" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">IFGA
member contingency. Pictured from right
to left:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Alan S. Bias (USA), Frank Chang (USA), Carl
Groenewegen USA). Photo courtesy Alan S. Bias.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The China Guppy Club show </span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.4px; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><i>(an IFGA member club)</i></b></span><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 0.5in;"><b><i> </i></b>was held in conjunction with the GIAS Aquatic Expo. The size of the facilities were immense to
say the least. During the course of
events I was informed that this event is actually the smaller of two held
yearly. With the larger being housed
next door in a much large venue utilizing 4-5 five stories. Show tanks were both individually lit and
additionally from building overhead lighting.
Along with the Guppy Show, a Betta
and Skate / Ray shows were also held.
Additional to this were large events for turtles, snake, reptiles and
spiders. Numerous displays of Asian
Arowana and Koi were also present.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the more frequent comments from attendees of the 17th World Guppy Contest held 2014 in Tianjin, China was the age of those attending the show. I found little different at this event with the vast majority being in their 20's and 30's. Interest in breeding guppies has never been greater.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.3333px;">Photos Alan S. Bias.</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The show itself was to
be judged under World Guppy Association Standards (WGA). Any issues arising before, during and after
judging deferred to WGA standards when
possible, and when not were addressed by local rules or Judging Team discretion. For those with further interest in WGA
standards here is a link to them: </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.world-guppy.org/wgc-category.html">http://www.world-guppy.org/wgc-category.html</a></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b><i>(last checked 4.4.2016)</i></b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prior to the start of
the show all entries were sorted, logged and entered on show forms the night
before. The total number of entries for
the show would slightly exceed 350 pairs, or 700+ fish. At this time by consensus of the Judging Team
it was decided to prejudge all entries before actual benching of entries the
next day. This occurred on the morning
of Friday 3.18.16, and would reduce the average number of entries in each class
from 20 to 10 or more. Later in the day
each judge would individually prejudge remaining fish in each class, selecting
their preferred top three fish. From the
total votes for each class a total of four fish would be selected for final
judging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Final judging occurred
during the afternoon, with each judge pointing in full, according to WGA
standards, the top 4 fish in each of the 18 classes. Each judge individually scored a total of 72
fish. Only a couple of minor issues arose
during judging and each was in the end resolved by consensus of the Judging
Team. Awards were given for 1<sup>st</sup>,
2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> place in each class.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Points were tabulated
that night for both class placement and Best of Show (BOS). High and low scores for each fish were
excluded, and remaining scores were added together and divided by the number of
remaining judges for an average score. Best
of Show was determined by the highest scoring pair from each of the class
winners. The point totals indicating a
Crowntail male bred by </span><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">罗永雄</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 115%;"> Luo
Yongxiong (China) as winner of BOS.
Discussions were held by the Judging Team after concerns were expressed
about a Crowntail being named BOS over delta entries. According to best information this had not
occurred in any prior shows. A final
decision was withheld until the next morning.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 115%;">The next morning the Judging Team
held further discussion the the matter of BOS placement. Consideration was given toward further
judging all Class Champions against each other, along IFGA judging style. In the end, by consensus, it was agreed to
allow BOS standings to remain as indicated.
It being felt that each class winner had been judged to its own
standard. That to judge each class
winner against another would only allow for individual breeder preferences to
potentially bias the end result. A sound
decision on the part of all Judging Team members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FIRST
PLACE BEST OF SHOW (BOS)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Best
of Show Crowntail male bred by </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "microsoft jhenghei" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">罗永雄</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -0.2pt; line-height: 115%;"> Luo
Yongxiong (China)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I’d like to point out
that this pair is now swimming in the tanks of Carl Groenewegen (USA). Along with several other pairs gifted to him
by breeder Luo Yongxiong after the show.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INITIAL MORNING PRE-JUDGING<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AFTERNOON
JUDGING</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In
final, I will take the liberty on behalf of IFGA members Frank Chang, Carl Groenewegen and myself, I
would like to express my sincere thanks to our GIAS sponsors and host members
of the China Guppy Club. It was a genuine
pleasure to represent not only the IFGA, but American breeders in general at
this event. Finally, to my friend Wind
Wang, who approached me at the WGC in Tampa, Florida last year with an
invitation to both attend and judge at this international event. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> What
follows are the final formal Show Results, and photos of each of the 18 class
winners; 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> places. It should be noted that many photos were
taken after judging and do not give due justice to the males, as many delta’s
were suffering from caudal breakdown resulting from un-aged water. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>CLASS WINNERS - 1ST, 2ND & 3RD PLACES</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFozetrgsBaHxS_U7TTiABnhjsc-wjZIuGBES2VD4pu3ppwgkUI5n8nDnzGWCBHQm1uG9VSwwGG3konrYaqbrTPIpx73GoaYNUttprgP-itsBWmEu3xqjAknTBClySbToOPmUD0XggURU/s1600/1-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFozetrgsBaHxS_U7TTiABnhjsc-wjZIuGBES2VD4pu3ppwgkUI5n8nDnzGWCBHQm1uG9VSwwGG3konrYaqbrTPIpx73GoaYNUttprgP-itsBWmEu3xqjAknTBClySbToOPmUD0XggURU/s400/1-9.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 1 – Blue Solid Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghbm2Fbcq0wqqu6SUzDDJtlEusM4Rjml6Xdav8Fg1OPtncpPMq8l3ciOezDm8eUkywJ9o9KjP0aMxG9_V5E54DR3QozQetw-jhfNoYg6b-5xORrbF4EZKIYtF3PB88QTPq1p_Qq6Reb5k/s1600/1-8.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghbm2Fbcq0wqqu6SUzDDJtlEusM4Rjml6Xdav8Fg1OPtncpPMq8l3ciOezDm8eUkywJ9o9KjP0aMxG9_V5E54DR3QozQetw-jhfNoYg6b-5xORrbF4EZKIYtF3PB88QTPq1p_Qq6Reb5k/s200/1-8.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoNkPNWAydK4maYSE6NfKqzVP654wiDJYcTZubHAZU6cRYDvVR9Ui7P2SM9LUqAyI-pr3VD18Tq08YBH7xCnRcMWJrFSh43XU0epgtKSG1-fCcBrCXqqMR7_FMoyB1e5CUXSd-kp0aYho/s1600/1-7.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoNkPNWAydK4maYSE6NfKqzVP654wiDJYcTZubHAZU6cRYDvVR9Ui7P2SM9LUqAyI-pr3VD18Tq08YBH7xCnRcMWJrFSh43XU0epgtKSG1-fCcBrCXqqMR7_FMoyB1e5CUXSd-kp0aYho/s320/1-7.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 1 – Blue Solid Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRotNAC87ib3tGbYGoBMhPYbEvO_biIaoLfrPRoBhVv47lPg8E1ok1ckWO0RYKVuJcDP7IZKB2SZ6mNOT4znKG_tcgUrJXGru-VYD-gwQFUFR2vBHh6UDfW9KIrffYkF9DKpYunKESZ44/s1600/2-9.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="238" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRotNAC87ib3tGbYGoBMhPYbEvO_biIaoLfrPRoBhVv47lPg8E1ok1ckWO0RYKVuJcDP7IZKB2SZ6mNOT4znKG_tcgUrJXGru-VYD-gwQFUFR2vBHh6UDfW9KIrffYkF9DKpYunKESZ44/s400/2-9.jpg" width="400" /></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9"
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 2 – Red Solid Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq4jB5H5h-SO_kHyVeb3_G_Tl3yIYuZyJs6wyZ7u9WPMLPvLLPJtINHhp-3CL7qm6VKReLeXxFTDCcx7MHoI2mTX8MEknQQzGvK6m3cgNfCZfmrE5dR_r4mR8ifDrFwOMMrkB9owTwU1o/s1600/2-1.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq4jB5H5h-SO_kHyVeb3_G_Tl3yIYuZyJs6wyZ7u9WPMLPvLLPJtINHhp-3CL7qm6VKReLeXxFTDCcx7MHoI2mTX8MEknQQzGvK6m3cgNfCZfmrE5dR_r4mR8ifDrFwOMMrkB9owTwU1o/s200/2-1.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvCHjnOkQB5u3yecW2Qju8Azty5VeAmhKC-YR5hzNQbwlPQCDJk0FLm_7eu9Di8N2k6LSTC5070A7b0gpK5xH9rorZae-7JIpHac54iiC09gSsZTYzuGkLBpODnzVLJ3t529O0oUbNG0/s1600/2-6.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglvCHjnOkQB5u3yecW2Qju8Azty5VeAmhKC-YR5hzNQbwlPQCDJk0FLm_7eu9Di8N2k6LSTC5070A7b0gpK5xH9rorZae-7JIpHac54iiC09gSsZTYzuGkLBpODnzVLJ3t529O0oUbNG0/s200/2-6.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 2 – Red Solid Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxZnYQyHI6xkifAFkfsl_9uYcxe2JpkC7pMc1Iadu8uiQUPp-7saVGcLvIw7mnv9n7yRw9Pw2Y-_h5SQVOP3Q7crt9-HqGxeOtDpqtksZfJjGhz0cR3kbJy3aVsi2DgWMTnC-FROZTaJ8/s1600/3-4a.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxZnYQyHI6xkifAFkfsl_9uYcxe2JpkC7pMc1Iadu8uiQUPp-7saVGcLvIw7mnv9n7yRw9Pw2Y-_h5SQVOP3Q7crt9-HqGxeOtDpqtksZfJjGhz0cR3kbJy3aVsi2DgWMTnC-FROZTaJ8/s400/3-4a.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 3 – Half Black (Tuxedo) Delta 1<sup>st</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 3 – Half Black (Tuxedo) Delta 2<sup>nd</sup>
and 3<sup>rd</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3mzf0tOqhi-mIsddtIAS_s0WedPNZFjzBXIyDtzWp-e6-ypGuxN2J-WAWcYsSQikR1hfKb7kVDCr8AZ72sqOT8ZbenLV7BL5D-SS1T6KJKjpPRBRhyfM_ykUVHTNfnQUxTmfEkfKcvU/s1600/4-8a.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3mzf0tOqhi-mIsddtIAS_s0WedPNZFjzBXIyDtzWp-e6-ypGuxN2J-WAWcYsSQikR1hfKb7kVDCr8AZ72sqOT8ZbenLV7BL5D-SS1T6KJKjpPRBRhyfM_ykUVHTNfnQUxTmfEkfKcvU/s400/4-8a.jpg" width="385" /></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_11"
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 4 – Grass Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc6dKJXXLYx-DR-ihPhKMmUELMbSUxdmPQyMP9DfruC3sJhvSXoZ6n8RQO2XOQTJmWaYsIfyUxhnwWO7DPU-bEytPFow8cJLU-QRNMnMUB1TkQz3OTp_Yl-KmkWCJbNJV9XLaARFHK-zM/s1600/4-9.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc6dKJXXLYx-DR-ihPhKMmUELMbSUxdmPQyMP9DfruC3sJhvSXoZ6n8RQO2XOQTJmWaYsIfyUxhnwWO7DPU-bEytPFow8cJLU-QRNMnMUB1TkQz3OTp_Yl-KmkWCJbNJV9XLaARFHK-zM/s200/4-9.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bzO1RuIwnqSceNTgo2yGujnmwURWOUcQUTbG46kft3u-B7gkabsuZowP7JDfrSO5p8U35maw5hezMqlbW7QwbQDnBy9R8kd-FAXN0dHle6e5ztueuiJ6m5wZzLAK6VLmsdhuma3F6Ak/s1600/4-3.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4bzO1RuIwnqSceNTgo2yGujnmwURWOUcQUTbG46kft3u-B7gkabsuZowP7JDfrSO5p8U35maw5hezMqlbW7QwbQDnBy9R8kd-FAXN0dHle6e5ztueuiJ6m5wZzLAK6VLmsdhuma3F6Ak/s200/4-3.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 4 – Grass Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUNYmd0Q-K-vFxbwtg3LUT7bIbCuBR6aMogSU2hVqBOUwWkfGpWH6L04L91tvHnN-mu3zGa_ckExPm4FNYurVEih7uloOZrdpzc8FtaowvY_sXdClRoxYd7sUHBarz5unWnlJwTpEhnDA/s1600/5-11.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="343" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUNYmd0Q-K-vFxbwtg3LUT7bIbCuBR6aMogSU2hVqBOUwWkfGpWH6L04L91tvHnN-mu3zGa_ckExPm4FNYurVEih7uloOZrdpzc8FtaowvY_sXdClRoxYd7sUHBarz5unWnlJwTpEhnDA/s400/5-11.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_12"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 5 – Mosaic Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_SFVECCblMAUhHaydzaMBiTTBwoj35jUw0kk2fWp_3zInxNBu0fAFRXeO9RfqJaePXody1CzAzFyZIdWEXjITa7oPjlA_DYXfkmPsI9fSar-OOubHOSAl7GJO6a_ycaD5z0JhsurAL7c/s1600/5-10.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_SFVECCblMAUhHaydzaMBiTTBwoj35jUw0kk2fWp_3zInxNBu0fAFRXeO9RfqJaePXody1CzAzFyZIdWEXjITa7oPjlA_DYXfkmPsI9fSar-OOubHOSAl7GJO6a_ycaD5z0JhsurAL7c/s200/5-10.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpuEU2Kpzr-9x1NSNruq0dkZFAa9khzekAJHDKh8HB4QlN9VrWkyDUZJ07yn2BJfp3T03rbHrnBrO9lGBDX7v4jPIV7-6cDi_k3x-NexYcj4-eLHzMb4R4OaHRKUX2WbjqXwosMC370Is/s1600/5-14.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpuEU2Kpzr-9x1NSNruq0dkZFAa9khzekAJHDKh8HB4QlN9VrWkyDUZJ07yn2BJfp3T03rbHrnBrO9lGBDX7v4jPIV7-6cDi_k3x-NexYcj4-eLHzMb4R4OaHRKUX2WbjqXwosMC370Is/s200/5-14.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 5 – Mosaic Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHY-Ry9fuHZNlJ3tg5xiLaBcaByQgP9tnZ5GMMQHcxoNR7jR-FByHEi8rQA26r5p-0t2Ld9DceKBhlDZKDhtfMhu61iBAmE_ULMizpWGwnd3ePG52pcFNd1Tc0XqkJteoc7qTAheDdESA/s1600/6-13.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHY-Ry9fuHZNlJ3tg5xiLaBcaByQgP9tnZ5GMMQHcxoNR7jR-FByHEi8rQA26r5p-0t2Ld9DceKBhlDZKDhtfMhu61iBAmE_ULMizpWGwnd3ePG52pcFNd1Tc0XqkJteoc7qTAheDdESA/s400/6-13.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 6 – Snakeskin Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdwOQ5rftB6-ezHIfqzQQufVCxxeb14HXWmmFBExvSq7YQ1lPLlCRCDIMLEqYTl16dzrrOLWpleRjj2U5xuP6IXIgPEtCg0ejWo4YyLXEYIByKAzFRB8eqb6SQFbqqsD6JPxrUU0-bks/s1600/6-21.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="144" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbdwOQ5rftB6-ezHIfqzQQufVCxxeb14HXWmmFBExvSq7YQ1lPLlCRCDIMLEqYTl16dzrrOLWpleRjj2U5xuP6IXIgPEtCg0ejWo4YyLXEYIByKAzFRB8eqb6SQFbqqsD6JPxrUU0-bks/s320/6-21.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJx1RUGXMiMkj9o2nh3I-4Wulkjqei6952H9j4wurM7EuOsTerKd_nM1aphwpRjJKVy4rsy_PUiDsWLeLHXQhDK2FUqPPR4qiEVPSmSefDClfRZE048BMPJWWHbJRKOgas5SZoyCVBQH0/s1600/6-17.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJx1RUGXMiMkj9o2nh3I-4Wulkjqei6952H9j4wurM7EuOsTerKd_nM1aphwpRjJKVy4rsy_PUiDsWLeLHXQhDK2FUqPPR4qiEVPSmSefDClfRZE048BMPJWWHbJRKOgas5SZoyCVBQH0/s200/6-17.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 6 – Snakeskin Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy-sPZInuUqK5XklQdcGGRrB_05kt_3JJdfwWdx_x2za55Ea_nrzTWpwoDjYF3dCPHagpj10m3CWk0j5fcLt89lkaGRZjMSRMsluvcwQT2urCcOxOzcw4ifopci8vP9hE1tfy-n9TdIj0/s1600/7-26b.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy-sPZInuUqK5XklQdcGGRrB_05kt_3JJdfwWdx_x2za55Ea_nrzTWpwoDjYF3dCPHagpj10m3CWk0j5fcLt89lkaGRZjMSRMsluvcwQT2urCcOxOzcw4ifopci8vP9hE1tfy-n9TdIj0/s400/7-26b.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 7 – Albino Solid Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 7 – Albino Solid Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUk-5fPy2nWdimRo_V9t3knJLAQ3c_GoiVSGm0nGPOulRdcIOjNlztS0GfOMtulV8ftVHQGJNw8hqGFPVhHh11GjVw-AZMjfflz9i-kavVxly9u-PUs0yoA93LO6_kvWMTsF0ct_KPkWQ/s1600/8-6.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUk-5fPy2nWdimRo_V9t3knJLAQ3c_GoiVSGm0nGPOulRdcIOjNlztS0GfOMtulV8ftVHQGJNw8hqGFPVhHh11GjVw-AZMjfflz9i-kavVxly9u-PUs0yoA93LO6_kvWMTsF0ct_KPkWQ/s400/8-6.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 8 – Variegated Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrSkiBkiXSjsQYRTyXlj3ip45b3_j8XbmEXOUWMpTqYnTCSSFMUtjqoNUHSPoA02vFHm90O3fqosIKkfZqXOe19zNZPecEZ6ARR_k4Jjyl-BQh6zowFjJCQIHIV0B6g6LPj9Vn5oZPH8U/s1600/8-9.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrSkiBkiXSjsQYRTyXlj3ip45b3_j8XbmEXOUWMpTqYnTCSSFMUtjqoNUHSPoA02vFHm90O3fqosIKkfZqXOe19zNZPecEZ6ARR_k4Jjyl-BQh6zowFjJCQIHIV0B6g6LPj9Vn5oZPH8U/s200/8-9.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc-mrB2PKHhK333HrXGcjMgUL0c7NpWblY7Rz1ApOS6AlnIZ6D9FFBhQGd9bDDOdWKRLxvoNBXCBUEjMNwThRsOvZMVg2fuo5hEruE5LM-iz8CqTY6k4-QUVcdnQfehyphenhyphen0FtHYwh35M1No/s1600/8-7.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhc-mrB2PKHhK333HrXGcjMgUL0c7NpWblY7Rz1ApOS6AlnIZ6D9FFBhQGd9bDDOdWKRLxvoNBXCBUEjMNwThRsOvZMVg2fuo5hEruE5LM-iz8CqTY6k4-QUVcdnQfehyphenhyphen0FtHYwh35M1No/s200/8-7.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 8 – Variegated Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 9 – Others Delta 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 9 – Others Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgVJmzYC1xHM8gJAfZ-WT8PBDhoZiFjk5BjHc7IotbspErptzB2P7CRDoXuXbBN90zh7svuMLCHxhwyMzX7iq69QE7ndUlLZR8ymQAE1hmKVYyFHlgq0tLOPY2NJI9-3B0HO6fqnumhw/s1600/10-2d.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXgVJmzYC1xHM8gJAfZ-WT8PBDhoZiFjk5BjHc7IotbspErptzB2P7CRDoXuXbBN90zh7svuMLCHxhwyMzX7iq69QE7ndUlLZR8ymQAE1hmKVYyFHlgq0tLOPY2NJI9-3B0HO6fqnumhw/s400/10-2d.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 10 – Swordtail Combined 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGTGTpHVEoxpS-pwwJ4X_vgQrDbtxiMMesbpkKK13PEqMiRiF0ggvv6BKan26nz-lfxPds0_g5Dr714MIcIvl57LZL0EuM5B0kHNkHwQVfe5mNHVMBPVnQwMJjpMQ9_IQHymMNk_KPdW8/s1600/10-16c.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="128" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGTGTpHVEoxpS-pwwJ4X_vgQrDbtxiMMesbpkKK13PEqMiRiF0ggvv6BKan26nz-lfxPds0_g5Dr714MIcIvl57LZL0EuM5B0kHNkHwQVfe5mNHVMBPVnQwMJjpMQ9_IQHymMNk_KPdW8/s200/10-16c.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCr46wj6RjrUW6_9PUuLSJ3aRn2kXvvrx5-1r96NYV9fovRnplGPcr-XIuhszGJVkDrhKN5l8xqiKmPERjQF0YfUIu9V3No9Rls912QBZ_SAJlEp7eI-pWhBceRIeV-jBYlPcTwo2HSzc/s1600/10-3a.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCr46wj6RjrUW6_9PUuLSJ3aRn2kXvvrx5-1r96NYV9fovRnplGPcr-XIuhszGJVkDrhKN5l8xqiKmPERjQF0YfUIu9V3No9Rls912QBZ_SAJlEp7eI-pWhBceRIeV-jBYlPcTwo2HSzc/s200/10-3a.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 10 – Swordtail Combined 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXGiSX_Ah3dqrJHXU_X2G7UMuhxwPq394Nbd8ZhtKEEpjsE0z5uMAXYnzmfe1RpAzXaPDNPNBU-v_91-p13DcdEB6_xY24e_e5zEw5sa1XFlIvtpaKkGHj_IWdHI8uE-oA8gHZyFMW6v8/s1600/11-3.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXGiSX_Ah3dqrJHXU_X2G7UMuhxwPq394Nbd8ZhtKEEpjsE0z5uMAXYnzmfe1RpAzXaPDNPNBU-v_91-p13DcdEB6_xY24e_e5zEw5sa1XFlIvtpaKkGHj_IWdHI8uE-oA8gHZyFMW6v8/s400/11-3.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_18"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 11 – Roundtail 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcx4tX69g0pRwTxAEzog-BjmcO194O7nLhcFVLEid83u1_ygGNq10Gm0uyQShBlbJiA5N770wL-7Tka9iTguAcYiAyqRJ5GeEZDkjwYWdCDtT0gIqH8t-9jcfQBMn68yKALgRmifQSiE/s1600/11-7.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMcx4tX69g0pRwTxAEzog-BjmcO194O7nLhcFVLEid83u1_ygGNq10Gm0uyQShBlbJiA5N770wL-7Tka9iTguAcYiAyqRJ5GeEZDkjwYWdCDtT0gIqH8t-9jcfQBMn68yKALgRmifQSiE/s200/11-7.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg066n4ZBTXM-6k3Zjfl925jI4LN6THbtG58Lfd2M0GtP1_IJzngnFnCjKhC1PP9SYkJu2ce3YsMw5cQpPKEBRQtxAc1zmcttULL6v26C2wQn1m0giFtTyMzrJfrLt-TyAUWiMttsPmOqA/s1600/11-2.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="115" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg066n4ZBTXM-6k3Zjfl925jI4LN6THbtG58Lfd2M0GtP1_IJzngnFnCjKhC1PP9SYkJu2ce3YsMw5cQpPKEBRQtxAc1zmcttULL6v26C2wQn1m0giFtTyMzrJfrLt-TyAUWiMttsPmOqA/s200/11-2.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 11 – Roundtail 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqy4CM6H_FWIuLxHhhHrrGIJ6w356_TCreDOXVoNBX_txaYpZXguTf0R9tdnLLEKVm_AtVHzYgZoaoGdiEalEEAfBkQn8qTsl1pfVBOAnE-oLPd6SKdtwNdsag8NP6xJtr0H6CdeFb-f4/s1600/12-18a+carl.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqy4CM6H_FWIuLxHhhHrrGIJ6w356_TCreDOXVoNBX_txaYpZXguTf0R9tdnLLEKVm_AtVHzYgZoaoGdiEalEEAfBkQn8qTsl1pfVBOAnE-oLPd6SKdtwNdsag8NP6xJtr0H6CdeFb-f4/s400/12-18a+carl.JPG" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_27"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 12 – Special Tail (Largetail) 1<sup>st</sup>
Place. Photo by Alan S. Bias.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlPFCXXJAFH410gKxyAyTAeOtqYzCYbmspT34zteK-vy14sEmQOIER3KIbDkslMmIagy_MBoPNfRK4MmIKMcaiIdad61WLb7OjC5KiEn1SE2RuBY3i8hF2z7ICaf2TmpjubZyN09m21Y/s1600/12-4.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSlPFCXXJAFH410gKxyAyTAeOtqYzCYbmspT34zteK-vy14sEmQOIER3KIbDkslMmIagy_MBoPNfRK4MmIKMcaiIdad61WLb7OjC5KiEn1SE2RuBY3i8hF2z7ICaf2TmpjubZyN09m21Y/s200/12-4.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirtWPedopJ9t4CvcW8CNugzOXv2y9maw3ZQj6MeR9VEbegHkvFYbRcvKjjyKctUKgmF7aHMtXEWTuUQnTUc2u5XjFHaCU8_Gi4oM0L9eWyCSlwUpe_LRT9BvoQDvn_imh9Wq7qMHtgbxk/s1600/12-12.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirtWPedopJ9t4CvcW8CNugzOXv2y9maw3ZQj6MeR9VEbegHkvFYbRcvKjjyKctUKgmF7aHMtXEWTuUQnTUc2u5XjFHaCU8_Gi4oM0L9eWyCSlwUpe_LRT9BvoQDvn_imh9Wq7qMHtgbxk/s200/12-12.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 12 – Special Tail (Largetail) 2<sup>nd</sup>
and 3<sup>rd</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmw7ks0DbhjxLltPQTH3_7dj52kFKnjrQcn7I3MgO6eIq3WJPs0LqS9P9EQbBRqG93NveeYGwpDqUJurAxAnYESzPS3xfgm3QfHRWFjBeY2tL_XqLSwOcLr9HTW9FXJsN-2GzoBNbfYoI/s1600/13-8.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmw7ks0DbhjxLltPQTH3_7dj52kFKnjrQcn7I3MgO6eIq3WJPs0LqS9P9EQbBRqG93NveeYGwpDqUJurAxAnYESzPS3xfgm3QfHRWFjBeY2tL_XqLSwOcLr9HTW9FXJsN-2GzoBNbfYoI/s400/13-8.jpg" width="400" /></a> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_20"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 13 – Longfin Ribbon 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjjoDX6wGKyKCBrh-3Nfci917ty0motx4A7fcLogFb-f19-876Ph8AbL_6JSlvS4Z3vdXQ7lohUwPRvpoqj9DuMHX1A0dIhZWchxTrD3Bm6zY1mIHuHSm53ijsEaomwCvL6j4j_GkO4g/s1600/13-9.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPjjoDX6wGKyKCBrh-3Nfci917ty0motx4A7fcLogFb-f19-876Ph8AbL_6JSlvS4Z3vdXQ7lohUwPRvpoqj9DuMHX1A0dIhZWchxTrD3Bm6zY1mIHuHSm53ijsEaomwCvL6j4j_GkO4g/s200/13-9.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJSWtPjLKjvlOlEF9Q76saMlDgYoE09n3JL06PIqlqBReRhzTv40p2WRrBhpCOPxUNaleDPFuCY85LVqo6_a8ZDyfAvkPMil6QbQpqgduWqAUTltd9nhJWEE2uoMDMhyphenhyphen2hHhq4YBmbKuo/s1600/13-7.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJSWtPjLKjvlOlEF9Q76saMlDgYoE09n3JL06PIqlqBReRhzTv40p2WRrBhpCOPxUNaleDPFuCY85LVqo6_a8ZDyfAvkPMil6QbQpqgduWqAUTltd9nhJWEE2uoMDMhyphenhyphen2hHhq4YBmbKuo/s200/13-7.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 13 – Longfin Ribbon 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTOYlGkmJWuyKfaw2xjoSRDH9cXuHcSFcTqfAi5I8Xa64qXIvgxMrmXeo9N6npTDqyNrCfMgIbVTDlz14RpXiQYR4V1owtsqVyirkP0Br29mqCoflMdvl5KQt_jwxIPbnrcdf1whqz5Rw/s1600/14-6.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTOYlGkmJWuyKfaw2xjoSRDH9cXuHcSFcTqfAi5I8Xa64qXIvgxMrmXeo9N6npTDqyNrCfMgIbVTDlz14RpXiQYR4V1owtsqVyirkP0Br29mqCoflMdvl5KQt_jwxIPbnrcdf1whqz5Rw/s400/14-6.jpg" width="400" /></a> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21"
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 14 – Longfin Swallow 1<sup>st</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJru187EgEfseZKFL9cCHhJ31uPnpfUPm-gSz03XRkxWusvszxa43rtRcMoJGLbrA6inEsn-cPz4WMa8j2RS_Qg-PoS4Wujt8Bas1JHjqLqrXiSnTQ-rQVgZvcozqv35LXNSPQ-XioTP0/s1600/14-10.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJru187EgEfseZKFL9cCHhJ31uPnpfUPm-gSz03XRkxWusvszxa43rtRcMoJGLbrA6inEsn-cPz4WMa8j2RS_Qg-PoS4Wujt8Bas1JHjqLqrXiSnTQ-rQVgZvcozqv35LXNSPQ-XioTP0/s200/14-10.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFa1YNeEhg2J7rhDdzcit6mLBqFv4Q8jANVWXPlrH3lVS6s8gcY32ipMPVzd6PnWYFfKFNPZbBPEygJE9gsrVLDDpoErumV_4NDG9_CbXpOuzSTHez9lHZ4RI2IwGWvoP27ABzDum6X5w/s1600/14-7.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFa1YNeEhg2J7rhDdzcit6mLBqFv4Q8jANVWXPlrH3lVS6s8gcY32ipMPVzd6PnWYFfKFNPZbBPEygJE9gsrVLDDpoErumV_4NDG9_CbXpOuzSTHez9lHZ4RI2IwGWvoP27ABzDum6X5w/s200/14-7.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 14 – Longfin Swallow 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNTcG8kcKjU9CuGfY-mKtU6wdmIppq83_F2Ftbr2aNcgzPGa1WttyQXuWOx1-jD3WPCA3gbLgJRntVRq-J_u1Uu_5aTbuzgV7Krxfp0gdVkE5n2E4fuhnVLVlBY-l83dGlv35jkdUqbHQ/s1600/15-6.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNTcG8kcKjU9CuGfY-mKtU6wdmIppq83_F2Ftbr2aNcgzPGa1WttyQXuWOx1-jD3WPCA3gbLgJRntVRq-J_u1Uu_5aTbuzgV7Krxfp0gdVkE5n2E4fuhnVLVlBY-l83dGlv35jkdUqbHQ/s400/15-6.jpg" width="400" /></a> </span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 15 – Young Pair Solid Delta 1<sup>st</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1KlsGDmtnhWYWPmQW8k2OuuFBbZagAL7995Tw1gxS3D8QKVLZTr248Ecbgoxv-Q3fE2Z2ZzqdhyXHk-aux2RSvAINT0aQnr7t95L1tav82pyEv0z1PvnrYDpEX2RvIPqH3MiqAnscFhk/s1600/15-7.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="185" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1KlsGDmtnhWYWPmQW8k2OuuFBbZagAL7995Tw1gxS3D8QKVLZTr248Ecbgoxv-Q3fE2Z2ZzqdhyXHk-aux2RSvAINT0aQnr7t95L1tav82pyEv0z1PvnrYDpEX2RvIPqH3MiqAnscFhk/s200/15-7.jpg" width="200" /></a> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUmM-fpGdAe2qUPZ2RPXbttzDpap6mXLovBqqx4zDWmwakpJDuPI4N-wyDxJsXPbcS5LxDaVyNeP-B5D6uLgxmaKlrJFfWQF_Z6J3RqapFdvTbMdieyjZj2XJ5Elh41IbYnBX3SprCT0U/s1600/15-16.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUmM-fpGdAe2qUPZ2RPXbttzDpap6mXLovBqqx4zDWmwakpJDuPI4N-wyDxJsXPbcS5LxDaVyNeP-B5D6uLgxmaKlrJFfWQF_Z6J3RqapFdvTbMdieyjZj2XJ5Elh41IbYnBX3SprCT0U/s200/15-16.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 15 – Young Pair Solid Delta 2<sup>nd</sup> and
3<sup>rd</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzz6xFb6obF9pxXVoJgM4k4Ex5RR3sZAJ2T4hdyvLEqzAVwNmQxmwjqkpbsRr00yh0gw6NTmFI367VfM5A67Pwq1NoRdxwvYZvekJue60Sn4QtNSfDJMesfXBFeRwglLyUOsXmO2TYynw/s1600/16-13.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzz6xFb6obF9pxXVoJgM4k4Ex5RR3sZAJ2T4hdyvLEqzAVwNmQxmwjqkpbsRr00yh0gw6NTmFI367VfM5A67Pwq1NoRdxwvYZvekJue60Sn4QtNSfDJMesfXBFeRwglLyUOsXmO2TYynw/s400/16-13.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 16 – Young Pair Solid Albino 1<sup>st</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 16 – Young Pair Solid Albino 2<sup>nd</sup>
and 3<sup>rd</sup> Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 17 – Young Pair Variegated 1<sup>st</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 17 – Young Pair Variegated 2<sup>nd</sup> and
3<sup>rd</sup> Place</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 18 – Young Pair Variegated Albino 1<sup>st</sup>
Place<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaGNKZ4LRyerE-I8hPVVfsva27jGEgn4Z7pjv586NLgrWvc7LwRNBFrcMrHIOyb1I-RHwXEiNXRTme9NElDLLEYgpd63tn8NzwZ2KbDkSCJyPyMl1Vgn-9f3hkOd0Q-m4Det4tzywlG18/s1600/18-2a.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaGNKZ4LRyerE-I8hPVVfsva27jGEgn4Z7pjv586NLgrWvc7LwRNBFrcMrHIOyb1I-RHwXEiNXRTme9NElDLLEYgpd63tn8NzwZ2KbDkSCJyPyMl1Vgn-9f3hkOd0Q-m4Det4tzywlG18/s200/18-2a.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglTPE_ia_EGa1Tn-VXYOmvk6iBKv0TzBYgLugFYjvx2pdc5NBZbR_MOi1PJm1Kuuk7PwVqZGgacJoiC_JrC9sYb4wLG0eq9LyrNfZxrx3eQl644xjDpjB_Io9-3Xc7T-AwuJRQYqHCjLk/s1600/18-7a.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglTPE_ia_EGa1Tn-VXYOmvk6iBKv0TzBYgLugFYjvx2pdc5NBZbR_MOi1PJm1Kuuk7PwVqZGgacJoiC_JrC9sYb4wLG0eq9LyrNfZxrx3eQl644xjDpjB_Io9-3Xc7T-AwuJRQYqHCjLk/s200/18-7a.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Class 18 – Young Pair Variegated Albino 2</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">nd</sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
and 3</span><sup style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;">rd</sup><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Place</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_25"
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><b>***************************************************</b></span></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.4px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;"><b>The hospitality and sincere nature of the Chinese people during our travels were in themselves well worthy of a trip to the other side of the world…</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;"><b>*****************************</b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18.4px; text-align: left;"><b>*******************</b></span></div>
</div>
Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-26865604658498355452015-09-17T14:36:00.001-04:002015-09-17T14:42:49.717-04:00Working With Autosomal Genes for Color and Pattern: A Domestic Guppy Breeders best friend and often worst nightmare…<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Working With Autosomal Genes for Color
and Pattern: A Domestic Guppy Breeders
best friend and often worst nightmare…<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alan
S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">P.O.
Box 1508, Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://swordtailguppies.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://swordtailguppies.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="mailto:alansbias@aol.com"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">alansbias@aol.com</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Presented Sept.
5, 2015 to attendees of the </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">18<sup>th</sup>
World Guppy Contest held in Tampa, Florida, USA</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or
duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">b</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">s</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">t</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">t</span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">.<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"> The selection for genes
in Domestic Guppies has long been heavily based on sex-linked genes. In particular Y-linked for pattern and X-linked
for color. Over the last several decades
a larger percentage of strains and phenotypes (<i>especially those created by Asian and European breeders</i>) have been
produced based on autosomal genes or co-expression of sex-linked and autosomal genes.
The attempt of this presentation is to
help breeders gain not only an understanding of autosomal genes, but their
interactions in combination(s) and with other genes. The development of domestic genes, unlike
wild counterparts subject to predation, is only hindered by breeder selection
and retention. Results based on 45 years
breeding experience of which nearly thirty (30) years have been devoted to
strains collectively known as “Swordtail Guppies”, efforts of other professional
breeders, and that of the scientific community are presented.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Key Words:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Guppy, Domestic Strains, Autosomal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Genes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">, Autosomal Recessive, Autosomal
Incompletely Dominant, Wild-type, Breeder, Guppy Color and Pattern, Poecilia reticulata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Welcome to each and every one of
you. I’d like to thank you all for
taking the time and effort to attend not only the 18th World Guppy Contest, but
also this presentation. Your support as
Domestic Guppy breeders has ensured the success of this venue and its place in
Guppy<sup><span style="color: red;">C</span></sup> history and the memories of
those in attendance. Some of you I have
known for many years, others I have corresponded with for just as many years,
and others are of new acquaintance…<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">In
today’s presentation we will only be dealing with hereditable genes impacting
color and pattern. Not those dealing
with finnage propagation or others related to fecundity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Discussion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Much
variation is found in wild guppy</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
colors & patterns as a result of habitat type (<i>upper or lower stream setting</i>), sexual selection, and
predation. Yet, only a singular “grey”
body color is found in wild guppies, often referred to as “wild-type or grey wild-type”. Domestic Guppy<sup><span style="color: red;">A</span></sup>
foundation stocks in the early 1900’s all derived from limited importations of
such fish. While unexpressed, the majority of all of the diversity
in modern phenotypes was contained in these initial imports or subsequent
collections that may have contributed additional mutations.<span style="color: #3366ff;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A large portion of the past
effort of both breeders and researchers from 1920 onward has focused on the use
and documentation of “sex-linked” traits found within genotypes to produce and
improve upon domestic phenotypes. While early research linked specific
expressions to individual “genes”, we now find that many are the result of
“multiple genes” or “gene interactions”.
As a pedigree breeder and part-time researcher I find it best if we refrain
from the use of the term “gene(s)” and instead defer to the use of “trait” in
discussions if you don’t have genetic evidence supporting how the gene is
inherited.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sex-link genes can be identified,
and passed on by either the X or the Y chromosomes, or by both of them. Depending upon just how closely they reside
to the SRY; sex determining region of the Y chromosome, they may cross over
frequently from X to Y or Y to X, they may cross over rarely, or not at
all. In many instances crossover is
often overlooked in breeder tanks for a simple reason. That being “does the gene express in males only,
or both males and females?”<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I’d like to take the opportunity
to focus on a singular mode of inheritance available within our genetic
“toolbox”; autosomal genes. Prior to
1930 only a single autosomal gene had been identified for color or pattern in Guppy
stocks; Zebrinus <b><i>(Winge 1927)</i></b>. Autosomal
refers to genes located on any <span style="background: white;">chromosome other
than a sex chromosome. In theory,
autosomal genes should affect the body color of both sexes equally. However, in practice this is not always the
case as specific genes may impact color expression limited to males (<i>known as sex-limited genes</i>). Zebrinus is an obvious example of a
sex-limited gene that produces a phenotype in only one sex. Females do not express any barred pattern. <span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Autosomal genes can be passed by
either sex in several modes of inheritance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Autosomal
Incompletely dominant,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Autosomal
Recessive,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Autosomal
completely dominant.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;">Initially,
basic identification of traits found in Guppy genotype was the product of
scientific research and publication.
While often lacking in formal documentation, identification of new traits,
or at least assemblage of complex phenotypes, has been the product of the
breeder community. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where
we often fail as breeders is in keeping complete records needed to document our
results. This results in much
speculation and inaccurate “facts” when disseminating our results among fellow
breeders.</span><span lang="EN-CA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-CA;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Male sex-limited genes require
the presence of testosterone for expression.
Autosomal genes are passed to male and female offspring, and are expressed
in females. <span style="color: blue;"> </span>The
exception would be autosomal sex-limited genes, such as Zebrinus, which also
require male hormones for expression. When
a gene does not visibly express in females, X-linkage is easily confused with an
autosomal dominant gene. Dominance in
itself can be established for a particular gene with the first generation of reciprocal
crosses. Though this does not
distinguish between sex-linkage and an autosomal mode of inheritance. After an initial cross and expression, it requires
one or two generations of a reciprocal cross to distinguish between X-link dominant
and autosomal dominant. <span style="color: blue;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Chromatophores are responsible
for projection of color and pattern in Guppies (<i>See below: Figure I – </i><b>Kottler
2013</b>). Generally, five (5) types are
acknowledged; black melanophores, orange to yellow xanthophores, red
erythrophores, blue/green/silver reflective iridophores and white leucophores. Blue chromatophores (<i>cyanophores</i>) are present in some species and possibly Guppies(?). The autosomal genes we will discuss have
impacts on each of these classes.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCu5bRzQVkpHR5b0rt5NJPq-FI-1s5OzHNeAx2A0GGBpoYiZ2Bvq40nQ0TTV2C8e1ZDdgk3AGAQNxUtTpdgXuXlv4nittlTR0H1y3e6LZlHM3XBmPRbhj7iEixACnoY3gDwiS49iYQoh4/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCu5bRzQVkpHR5b0rt5NJPq-FI-1s5OzHNeAx2A0GGBpoYiZ2Bvq40nQ0TTV2C8e1ZDdgk3AGAQNxUtTpdgXuXlv4nittlTR0H1y3e6LZlHM3XBmPRbhj7iEixACnoY3gDwiS49iYQoh4/s1600/2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Grey – Wildtype. </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">There is no notation for a “grey gene” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(<i>See: Table I</i>). The<b> </b>grey color in guppies is primarily due to corolla and dendritic
black melanophores. Generally, dendritic
melanophores are resident along upper and lower layers of scales. Corolla melanophores are found at lower levels of skin and
scattered around the body. Together they
produce the reticulated effect Guppies are named for: Poecilia reticulata. <span style="background: white; color: #141823;">Few true mutations have been documented in Guppy research or identified by
Domestic Breeders. For the most part we
are simply identifying and working with genes. <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background: white; color: #141823;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Table I.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> – not blond<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">G</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> – not golden<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">A</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> – not albino<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 73.2pt;" valign="top" width="98"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> – blond<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
</td>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">g</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> – golden<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> – albino<b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">[<b>Note:</b>
If a phenotypical expression is not blond, golden, or albino, it is
grey.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">This list can be
expanded to include additional autosomal traits, the same principle applies.]<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">When combining genes
into a phenotype, the question then becomes are the various genes alleles of a
single gene or are they two or more entirely different genes? If two or more
genes are involved, are they located on the same chromosome or on different
chromosomes? If they are on the same chromosome, are they close enough to each
other that they tend to stay together during meiosis (<i>cell division that produces gametes</i>) or do the separate from each
other randomly?<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">When you view results of Grey
breeding's that are heterozygous for Albino (Aa), Blond (Bb), and Golden (Gg)
the overall intensity of both color pigment and melanophores (<i>See: Table II.</i>) are reduced through epistasis. We are dealing with three pairs of different
genes. Epistasis refers to the situation where one gene (<i>or allele of that gene</i>) modifies or inhibits the expression of a
different gene, gene pair, or an allele of the second gene (<i>See: Table III</i>). <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Table II.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></b>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></b></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Melanophore Size
& Structure Grey, Blond, Golden, and Cream (left – right) (Goodrich et. al
1944).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Table III.</span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .5in; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bb</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> is epistatic to <b>G</b> and <b>A</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">gg</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> is epistatic to <b>B</b> and <b>A</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">aa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> is epistatic to <b>B</b>, <b>G</b>, <b>bb</b> and <b>gg</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">bb
gg </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">is cream<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Eb
bb </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">or<b> Ab bb</b> white<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 167.4pt;" valign="top" width="223"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Eb
gg </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">or<b> Ab gg </b>are silver<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Two genes are alleles of each
other if they are alternate forms of the same gene. In example: the coat color series in cats is full color
(C), Burmese (c<sup>B</sup>), Siamese (c<sup>S</sup>), blue-eyed albino (c<sup>b</sup>),
and pink-eyed albino (c<sup>a</sup>). DNA sequencing has confirmed earlier
crossing data indicating each trait (<i>phenotypical
expression</i>) is due to different alleles (<i>alternate forms of the same gene</i>).<span style="color: blue;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="color: blue;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">When two pairs of genes are
linked, they are located on the same chromosome and are close enough in
proximity to each other to avoid random recombination. They recombine at a frequency that is less
than 50%. Thus, if the genes <b>A</b> and <b>B</b> are linked, we may find four
different possible combinations of <b>A</b>
and <b>B</b> on a single chromosome: <b>AB</b>, <b>Ab</b>, <b>aB</b> and <b>ab</b>.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_65" o:spid="_x0000_i1072" style="height: 178.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 402pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Grey Vienna
Emerald DS male & female, photo Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Grey Wild-Type
male, photo courtesy of Ramona Osche Grey
Wild-Type female, photo Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Autosomal
Genes For Color and Pattern<o:p></o:p></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Albino
Lutino (l ). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive. Also known as Wine Red Eye Albino (WREA) or (Type
A). Eyes are a dark “Burgundy”
color. When photographed from a certain
angles will appear black. Likely
tyrosinase positive; enzyme present, with reduced melanin production. </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lutino
(l) is a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">llelic to
Grey (L, <i>not-lutino</i>).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span>
<br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Lutino Schimmelpennig
Platinum Snakeskin Roundtail, photo courtesy Denise Barbe’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Albino
(a). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive.
Also known as Real Red Eye Albino (RREA) or (Type B). Inability to
produce black melanophores in body and finnage.
In effects eliminates all classes of melanophores; dendritic, corolla
and punctate. Likely tyrosinase
deficient; inability to convert tyrosine into melanin. Albino is epistatic to both Blond and Golden genes;
thus mutant alleles of each may be found in the albino genotype (<i>e.g., aa Bb, aa bb, etc.</i>). Described:
<b>Haskins & Haskins 1948<sup><span style="color: red;">6</span></sup>.<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><b><br /></b></span>
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<br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Albino Full Red
Delta, photo courtesy of Paulo Henrique Keijock Muniz Albino
Yellow Vienna LS, photo Alan S. Bias</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Albino
(?? ). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive. Also known as “Type C - Singapore”. Likely tyrosinase positive; enzyme present,
with reduced melanin production. Little
is known of this allele. It is likely
present, but confused with Lutino.<i> [<b>Note:</b>
No photo available].<o:p></o:p></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Asian
Blau (Ab); </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">also (r2)
Europe and (Rr) Asia. Incompletely
Dominant. In heterozygous fashion red
color pigment is removed, but yellow color pigment and Metal Gold (Mg) is
little affected. This produces an
iridophore based phenotype. Snakeskin
patterns degrade in both heterozygous and homozygous expression. The Purple (Violet) sheen found above the
lateral line of both males and females is removed. In homozygous condition certain black
melanophores are removed along with red and yellow color pigments. In homozygous condition finnage is also
reduced in expression, but genes are still present in genotype for normal finnage. Outcross of homozygous Ab will produce
expected finnage in F<sub>1</sub> offspring.
<i>[<b>Note: </b> As there are distinct
types of red color pigment present in both body and finnage, removal may not be
complete in a red “Old Fashioned” shoulder stripe. A very faint “red shoulder stripe” is
sometimes visible.] </i> <span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Heterozygous
Asian Blau Vienna Lowersword, photo Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Homozygous Asian
Blau Vienna Lowerswords, photos Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bar
(bar).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Recessive.
Officially the pattern is described as being comprised of 3-5, or more,
dark vertical bands. Personally, I view
the pattern as being iridophore based stripes with “gaps” populated by
melanophores as a result of the interaction of iridophores and melanophores. If otherwise, the Bar pattern would
disintegrate in albino or blond form. Similar
in expression to sex-link Tigrinus, which is comprised of strait and forked
bands. Described: <b>Phang
1999<sup><span style="color: red;">13</span></sup>.</b> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(<b><i>Note</i></b><i>: See Zebrinus gene. Zebrinus and Bar while similar have
noticeable differences in expression.
Bar tends to solely express in vertical stripes, while Ze can express
forking on top of stripes</i>).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Barred Snakeskin
Delta, photo courtesy V. Phang (1999)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Blond
(b). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive.
Also known as IFGA Gold, Asian Gold, European Blond. This mutation produces a near normal amount
of black melanophores of all types; Dendritic, Corolla and Punctate. However,
the size of each is greatly reduced and the structure modified as compared to
“wild-type” grey. According to published
results Blond is not linked to Golden. However,
results were based on limited numbers and interpretation. Results of breeders are often suggestive of
partial linkage. This gene should be
viewed not as a suppressor of melanophores, but rather one that alters size. Described:
<b>Goodrich et al. 1944<sup><span style="color: red;">4</span></sup></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
<b><i> <o:p></o:p></i></b></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Blond Vienna
Lowerswords, photos Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">European
Blau (r or r1); </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">also
(eb). Recessive. Also known as Dunkel in Asia. European Blau is not epistatic to wild-type
grey. It is epistatic to genes for red
and yellow; major red and yellow color pigments are removed from the body in homozygous
expression. Certain red color pigments may be present in finnage, and to a
lesser degree in body. Though reflective
qualities are reduced. Ecotopic
melanophores may be removed, while basal
level melanophores such as found in Half Black (NiII) are only slightly
reduced. Snakeskin patterns degrade in
homozygous expression. Purple (<i>Violet</i>) sheen found above the lateral
line of both males and females is removed. There is minimal impact on finnage
reduction. Described: <b>Dzwillo
1959<sup><span style="color: red;">1</span></sup>.</b> </span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">[<b>Note: </b> As there are distinct types of red color
pigment present in both body and finnage, removal is incomplete in a red “Old
Fashioned” shoulder stripe. A reduced
“red shoulder stripe” remains visible.] </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">European Blau Grey Wild-Type, photo courtesy of Tobias Bernsee</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Glass
Belly (gb). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive. In homozygous fashion removes / reduces
formation of both iridophores and leucophores over the entire body; including
peduncle, abdomen, gills and eyes. Producing
a clear/ translucent “matt finish” in areas expressing color pigment and Metal
Gold (Mg) or dark black in areas expressing black melanophores, such as the
eyes.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Glass Belly
Pingu, photo courtesy Carl Groenewegen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Golden (g).
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive. Also known as European Gold, IFGA Bronze or Asian Tiger. This gene produces a reduced amount of black
melanophores (<i>50% +/-</i>) of all types; dendritic,
corolla and punctate. However, the size
of dendritic and corolla melanophores are greatly increased and collection of
corolla is concentrated into "clumps" or "islands" of
melanophores along scale edges. Males
and females lack skin melanophores at birth, but develop with maturity. Scale edging will become lighter the higher
the inbreeding co-efficient; i.e. long-term Golden x Golden breeding’s.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">According to published results
Golden is non-allelic<span style="color: red;"> </span>and not linked to
Blond. However, results were based on
limited numbers and interpretation.
Results of breeders are often suggestive of partial linkage. This gene should be viewed as a suppressor of
melanophore population numbers. Described: <b><i>Haskins & Druzba 1938<sup><span style="color: red;">5</span></sup> </i></b><i>as
Fredlini (fr)<b>, </b></i><b>Goodrich et al. 1944<sup><span style="color: red;">4</span></sup> </b><i>as Golden
(g)</i>, and adopted by Haskins</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <b><i>[Note: </i></b><i> In
Europe still o</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ften referred to as “Fredlini” in
regard to Golden stocks developed by Swedish Artist / Aquariust Tor Otto
Fredlin. This designation did not remain
in place as it described a guppy variant<sup><span style="color: red;">B</span></sup>;
<em><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; padding: 0in;">Lebistes reticulatus (Peters) var. Fredlini
(Schreitm) instead of an allele of grey.</span></em> <b>Schreitmuller 1932<sup><span style="color: red;">15</span></sup>, 1933<sup><span style="color: red;">16</span></sup>, 1934<sup><span style="color: red;">17</span></sup></b>.] </span></i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Golden Topswords,
photos courtesy Denise Barbe’<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hellblau
(r3). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive. Red
color pigment is entirely removed. Yellow
color pigment is almost completely removed, but Metal Gold (Mg) can be present. Unlike Asian Blau (Ab) or European Blau (Eb)
snakeskin pattern does not degrade. Any Purple
(<i>Violet</i>) sheen found above the
lateral line of both males and females remains expressed. As homozygous Hellblau fish mature reflective
qualities of iridophores overshadow early formed melanophores, producing an
appearance of “brightness”. </span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BNEFpaYF7GCmQF61RMkRdbJfhMcWzHmvBePbGrxrGncvE1ktzAnWIsuDgKnJHOqElU-52BPvGvCPpR_TKhwHXazbRpF_E8d8VY6RzW3Y7czJEGUto_s2didxE2vcIWJNinOlQ_JEzkw/s1600/21.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2BNEFpaYF7GCmQF61RMkRdbJfhMcWzHmvBePbGrxrGncvE1ktzAnWIsuDgKnJHOqElU-52BPvGvCPpR_TKhwHXazbRpF_E8d8VY6RzW3Y7czJEGUto_s2didxE2vcIWJNinOlQ_JEzkw/s320/21.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Hellblau
Snakeskin, photo courtesy of Gernot Kaden<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ivory
(I); </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yoshiki
Tsutsui denoted as Violet (v).<b> </b> Incompletely Dominant. Ivory suppresses red color pigment. Resulting in a “white” appearance on modified
red fish and “violet” on modified blue fish.
According to Claus Osche, Ivory first appeared at TFI Farm in Singapore
in Red Mosiac (i.e. Blue Variegated), producing a “whitish- violet” coloration. According to Yuji Yamaguti, Japanese breeders
denote Purple Grass genotype as: Ivory
(ii) + Asian Blau (Rr). It is possibly
Purple Body Mutation (Pb) is also present. While Ivory is the product of a gene, Purple Grass
is a trait (<i>phenotype</i>) produced by
the action of ii Rr genes. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0twqeKfgOI7vW055W6F8JdZF8xftsYKVaHYML7o80-MhgR-75YIx3OKFGmpJsMmo6UYbMPTxzeGC_vRYiVemzeaibAYxqMYlFe6VJ0uKEm_waIjWzHsoL17MQ7d8WmFPsgrQT4Lxerkw/s1600/22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0twqeKfgOI7vW055W6F8JdZF8xftsYKVaHYML7o80-MhgR-75YIx3OKFGmpJsMmo6UYbMPTxzeGC_vRYiVemzeaibAYxqMYlFe6VJ0uKEm_waIjWzHsoL17MQ7d8WmFPsgrQT4Lxerkw/s1600/22.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ivory Grass, photo courtesy of Shinichi Kobayashi</span><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2EHaWYfb1BsuI1JgAu9Bg75wuopjs52JUJfq4EzefzzV4qOyqxrGepO14SMTYjvjkBcZ_suX7XHBvWarQ9XVOMJavVyxRsi62DrZaEMDcW66kl9eMVi7GUvBeT_bED1z51Yn7AyLX0N4/s1600/23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2EHaWYfb1BsuI1JgAu9Bg75wuopjs52JUJfq4EzefzzV4qOyqxrGepO14SMTYjvjkBcZ_suX7XHBvWarQ9XVOMJavVyxRsi62DrZaEMDcW66kl9eMVi7GUvBeT_bED1z51Yn7AyLX0N4/s200/23.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9De6n__4VrJ13U8VPlZMAfAkWw4x0Ela9jB1ZKtMXbcnBZs8xWFodB2TlCluymTe085F85Mh_ty5yFWJ7kyMOI_brp6af6L1dzJ_Pp9dUpXwLGRNVD9Lf9r-BoEuROVgb05cqtG5xUTo/s1600/24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9De6n__4VrJ13U8VPlZMAfAkWw4x0Ela9jB1ZKtMXbcnBZs8xWFodB2TlCluymTe085F85Mh_ty5yFWJ7kyMOI_brp6af6L1dzJ_Pp9dUpXwLGRNVD9Lf9r-BoEuROVgb05cqtG5xUTo/s200/24.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ivory Half Black, photo courtesy of Shinichi Kobayashi </span></b><b> <span style="font-size: xx-small;">Ivory Galaxy, photo courtesy of Shinichi Kobayashi</span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAc18kly0puy6cWOnv_XBohXfb1EcDHfHnRU03_HL_lu8AVFQjnn_zD5D2bIIl2Gf9Tv00PxNVX5yjzoOmpMDi8HimGT_BPjD7e30Upw6LvoCh0tfNHeStJyJ3pDioAu5v5GhTpO_owVA/s1600/25.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAc18kly0puy6cWOnv_XBohXfb1EcDHfHnRU03_HL_lu8AVFQjnn_zD5D2bIIl2Gf9Tv00PxNVX5yjzoOmpMDi8HimGT_BPjD7e30Upw6LvoCh0tfNHeStJyJ3pDioAu5v5GhTpO_owVA/s200/25.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUvnlOJEA3P9LeAxCPsBAU18QZmIEFEWZ2c2gBePKJ6EQjJxp9NBLXsGW_WixWmNMwh338JmVeJ1u1fVdAgjgJ0wfuQQGxceVrP0G3Lyo3kWt_gDZyHdYemKgzEAJv3NiaI246WTXkRU/s1600/26.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTUvnlOJEA3P9LeAxCPsBAU18QZmIEFEWZ2c2gBePKJ6EQjJxp9NBLXsGW_WixWmNMwh338JmVeJ1u1fVdAgjgJ0wfuQQGxceVrP0G3Lyo3kWt_gDZyHdYemKgzEAJv3NiaI246WTXkRU/s200/26.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
<b> </b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Ivory Schim Plat.
Delta, photo courtesy Akrawat Design Ivory
Delta female, photo courtesy Harn Sheng Khor</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Magenta
(M). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Incompletely Dominant. Proliferation of red color pigment and
iridophores. This gene converts yellow
color pigment cells to red, though Metal Gold (Mg) may remain. Also, produces visible concentrations of
black melanophores in certain body regions.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reduces fin development. </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFZNUFQhGB884LuiobM1xnPLPnvu-KNEYV8HPnA5HRi0fTb0RXhoRHh0h40ybjjXK35wH5yIMB2opLWuFOSNk06X5ED4EgHOpfe8XJilzqaBZOiGtaSVTGszSMrjDSQygd8LVTWTrBmcE/s1600/27.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFZNUFQhGB884LuiobM1xnPLPnvu-KNEYV8HPnA5HRi0fTb0RXhoRHh0h40ybjjXK35wH5yIMB2opLWuFOSNk06X5ED4EgHOpfe8XJilzqaBZOiGtaSVTGszSMrjDSQygd8LVTWTrBmcE/s400/27.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Magenta. Photo
courtesy of Krisztián Medveczki<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metal
Gold (Mg).</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Undescribed, likely Incompletely Dominant.</span><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Also
known as Material Gene in Asian and Metallic in Europe. Yellow-Gold iridophore gene. Comprises most body color found in Yellow
strains. Heterozygous expression not
visible in females, but visible in homozygous fashion. Heterozygous expression in males often
limited to portions of finnage and portions of body. Homozygous expression in males creates an
overall “metallic sheen”.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjQW3_dDr-sayWLJG0y5yifw8VkWMcwxt4nJt02ykTmi4DdaRzU2rGcQ_SwisqgolcR0xo2bpWfNQqIbsEnlSjUeEAeWR7oMLTPeaGyvsjmi-IK92c9D9ORdQhyphenhyphenEj482LsOx8XARulaio/s1600/28.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjQW3_dDr-sayWLJG0y5yifw8VkWMcwxt4nJt02ykTmi4DdaRzU2rGcQ_SwisqgolcR0xo2bpWfNQqIbsEnlSjUeEAeWR7oMLTPeaGyvsjmi-IK92c9D9ORdQhyphenhyphenEj482LsOx8XARulaio/s200/28.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlwY492xolhjEm7kJR8JeNZvQVAg26L_mZyvO8fxkvjo0CkmFRIWCyDWXLDcEi3XumcnTTHOciAz8ArrbG77zf8moGd2bdTXVcLrNejy6qskPjL0i18-CgZuLA0zyveidB1pMBvzmawOI/s1600/29.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlwY492xolhjEm7kJR8JeNZvQVAg26L_mZyvO8fxkvjo0CkmFRIWCyDWXLDcEi3XumcnTTHOciAz8ArrbG77zf8moGd2bdTXVcLrNejy6qskPjL0i18-CgZuLA0zyveidB1pMBvzmawOI/s200/29.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_74" o:spid="_x0000_i1050" style="height: 142.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 234pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Homozygous Metal
Gold (Mg) Vienna Lowerswords, photos by Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKVh55O1zmcUAweCnnncqN5PKA5ml8Hk13jWwv0OMQoqR0Xrq2EcSef4nIEjE7RyPQStpeCyhwec4VJLzcGMkQUwbi-INH-dm4HTMTuhmWmUgmgqCjavWZyC19c7UvdWaA0wnv5vjtYg/s1600/30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="137" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWKVh55O1zmcUAweCnnncqN5PKA5ml8Hk13jWwv0OMQoqR0Xrq2EcSef4nIEjE7RyPQStpeCyhwec4VJLzcGMkQUwbi-INH-dm4HTMTuhmWmUgmgqCjavWZyC19c7UvdWaA0wnv5vjtYg/s200/30.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLo3l7PhXIFfB0IJKvI_L5NWYacW8ObWx6qJRjAURB16mt2t2sJZr55NHM2RcNNV_v9q7PJ8xF_WiEzLw71XdtIxG0qs0NkpXaMQqZeNgVqGHUb-PKblNSkGdk2o3CB0Eb6E4FZ0cu0wA/s1600/31.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLo3l7PhXIFfB0IJKvI_L5NWYacW8ObWx6qJRjAURB16mt2t2sJZr55NHM2RcNNV_v9q7PJ8xF_WiEzLw71XdtIxG0qs0NkpXaMQqZeNgVqGHUb-PKblNSkGdk2o3CB0Eb6E4FZ0cu0wA/s200/31.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_37" o:spid="_x0000_i1048" style="height: 137.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 189pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Hete. (left)
& Homo. (right) Metal Gold (Mg) IFGA Delta, photo courtesy of Bryan Chin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Metallicus
(Me). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive. Also
known as <b>Stoerzbach (s)</b> / Störzbach
Metal. Blue iridophore gene. Removal of red and yellow color pigments in
body, but not finnage. Individuals with
a Yellow-Gold cast result from addition of Metal Gold (Mg). Described:
<b>Kempkes 2007<sup><span style="color: red;">7</span></sup></b>. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Homozygous
Stoerzbach Grey (left) & Blond Metal Gold (right) Vienna Lowersword, photo
Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Midnight
Black (mid). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive. Also known as Hypermelaninization. A form of “non-motile” black melanophores, <span style="color: red;">is </span>most commonly associated with Black Moscow strains. Expression of Midnight gene is visible in
females. Some breeders report expression
in F<sub>1</sub> outcross of midnight females.
This is suggestive of Incompletely Dominant mode of inheritance. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvneIGIBRkbb9LaWF3e7kjaIPDRfMQJqYjaeLeMil43ocdhK0CRxnPWdRIaiAd7czQQYAIJAwRGGO7j7gzTa4HUhgsfSBpWvDt134wYICO5pYeLfouvKVcg1jrXuDmqJ81cB8V6U9wo9o/s1600/34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvneIGIBRkbb9LaWF3e7kjaIPDRfMQJqYjaeLeMil43ocdhK0CRxnPWdRIaiAd7czQQYAIJAwRGGO7j7gzTa4HUhgsfSBpWvDt134wYICO5pYeLfouvKVcg1jrXuDmqJ81cB8V6U9wo9o/s320/34.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Midnight Black Moscow, photo courtesy of Harn Sheng
Khor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pink
(pk). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Recessive.
Expression of standalone Pink in itself is easily overlooked in
wild-type. Pink is epistatic to the presence
of red color cells, resulting in removal in body and a “yellow-orange” cast in
finnage. Homozygous Pink has distinctive
impacts on various types of black melanophores; a reduction in co-expression
with NiII halfblack, an increase with Moscow Blau Additional Gene (MBAG) or
snakeskin genes. In the case of
reticulation an increase in concentration of melanophores is visible on scale
edging. Does Pink remove melanophores,
prevent their development, or convert the cells to a different cell class? Results seem dependent on co-expression with
other genes. In pkpk + NiII it appears
melanophores are removed or fail to migrate.
Yet, in pkpk + MBAG it appears melanophores are converted and proliferate. Pink can remove blue iridophores. This results in opaque body coloration or
white appearance in co-expression with Y-link Moscow (Mw) shoulder pattern. The most spectacular phenotypes are the
result of homozygous Pink co-expression with other full body or half body
melanophore and iridophore genes.
Homozygous Pink causes reduction in size and finnage. Each is retained in the genotype and restored
with an outcross. <span style="color: blue;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Homozygous Pink
female, photo courtesy of Yuji Yamaguti<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmzKoLNUIuIxG0LDHVqHerfEFzXss42LN18vZwhwhb_sxw6-krC538dpkNShGtUuLr9RjU24qJy0_-7Dqir7v66ei6YkIM-a4rJUr_BNWBv38l9IpLAhw6TifgD03C2wkvyiYZezdy1I/s1600/36.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEmzKoLNUIuIxG0LDHVqHerfEFzXss42LN18vZwhwhb_sxw6-krC538dpkNShGtUuLr9RjU24qJy0_-7Dqir7v66ei6YkIM-a4rJUr_BNWBv38l9IpLAhw6TifgD03C2wkvyiYZezdy1I/s1600/36.jpg" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1EVMh75wRDuu3HjE_kSyX4OMkAFdU9GpFfrY2nGdxEez5Vf9KMAefiFKBND7B9H1k6qjx2bfYcXQMu_oray__6RGjCxW7Ow04TJN1Vlx3vB68hni3jUL3N6Xg1yilSUjovym47SIpsNM/s1600/37.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1EVMh75wRDuu3HjE_kSyX4OMkAFdU9GpFfrY2nGdxEez5Vf9KMAefiFKBND7B9H1k6qjx2bfYcXQMu_oray__6RGjCxW7Ow04TJN1Vlx3vB68hni3jUL3N6Xg1yilSUjovym47SIpsNM/s200/37.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Homo. Pink, photo
courtesy of David Liebman Homo. Pink Vienna
Swordtails, photo courtesy Björn Lundmark<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Saddleback
(Ht ). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Autosomal Dominant. [<b>Note</b>: Some breeder reported results are suggestive
of an Autosomal Incompletely Dominant mode of inheritance, while others
strictly sex-linked. This suggests that there may be at least two and perhaps
three different genes with similar effects.] Also known as Half Tux. A black melanophore band runs horizontally on
the upper peduncle quadrant. This is normally
found in conjunction with corresponding yellow color pigment on lower peduncle
quadrant; this version is considered Y-linked.
Another version appears lacking corresponding yellow pigment on lower
peduncle quadrant; this version considered X-linked. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuMPbgwoFubnnUnP_tisPLTJIDfbtmOXC5qQ_FdytmjTnSZIyBnl8X7Xah4dU6sWYkw5O3s9Tz6TnRdhV68ZDGVsOs72HefA17bZdCuxPq46uKCExAlMEW0m6BEqekAC4IBZk6BNBjzoo/s1600/38.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuMPbgwoFubnnUnP_tisPLTJIDfbtmOXC5qQ_FdytmjTnSZIyBnl8X7Xah4dU6sWYkw5O3s9Tz6TnRdhV68ZDGVsOs72HefA17bZdCuxPq46uKCExAlMEW0m6BEqekAC4IBZk6BNBjzoo/s320/38.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Saddleback
Roundtail, photo courtesy of Tobias Bernsee<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Zebrinus
(Ze). </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Incompletely Dominant. Officially the pattern is described as being comprised
of 2-5, or more, dark vertical bands.
Personally, I view the pattern as being iridophore based with “gaps”
being populated by melanophores as a result of the interaction of iridophores
and melanophores. If otherwise, I would
expect the Zebrinus pattern to disintegrate in blond because their melanophores
are much smaller in size. But I would not expect the same with albino, because
the melanophore is still present with the same size as in grey, the albino
cells fail to synthesize melanin, but they are there. Similar in expression to sex-linked Tigrinus,
which is comprised of strait and forked vertical bands. Described:
<b>Winge 1927<sup><span style="color: red;">18</span></sup>. </b>(<b><i>Note</i></b><i>: See
Bar gene. Zebrinus and Bar while similar
have noticeable differences in expression.
Bar tends to solely express in vertical stripes, while Ze can express
forking on top of forward stripes</i>). <span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Grey & Blond Zebrinus Vienna Lowerswords, photos
by Alan S. Bias<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Double Recessive Autosomal Genes<o:p></o:p></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cream. </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Double Recessive (Blond +
Golden). Crème is not due to a single
gene, it is a trait (<i>phenotype</i>)
produced by the action of two genes. In
females chromatophoes are not macroscopically visible. M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">elanophores
are reduced by >80-90%. Corolla &
Punctate body cells in Cream remain the same size as in blond. Dendritic cells on scale edges in Cream are
smaller than either Golden or Blond.
Cream not only greatly reduces the total number of black cells, but also
reduces remaining large dendritic cells in size. According to French breeder Denise Barbe’,
viability is reduced. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Described: </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Goodrich
et al. 1944<sup><span style="color: red;">4</span></sup></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. <span style="color: red;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Double Recessive Blond + Golden (bbgg)
Coral Red Snakeskin, photo courtesy </span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">photo courtesy Denise Barbe’</span><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Silver</span></b><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">. </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Double Recessive (European Blau + Golden) or (Asian Blau + Golden). Silver is not due to a single gene, it is a
trait (<i>phenotype</i>) produced by the
action of two genes. Similar in appearance to White. Described by Hans Luckmann as having the
appearance of “tarnished silver”. Body
coloration is pale, though some pattern remains subject to limitations of
European or Asian Blau’s; removal of red and yellow color pigment. Finnage is flatter colored with limitations
of European or Asian Blau’s. Scales are
edged in black with a darker appearance.
Named by initial breeder Hans Luckmann who first combined and documented
European Blau + Golden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">European Blau (EbEb) + Golden (gg); i.e.
Silver, </span></b><b><span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">photo courtesy of Denise Barbe’ (left)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Half Black (NiII) Asian Blau (AbAb) +
Golden (gg); i.e. Silver female, photo courtesy of Tobias Bernsee (right)</span><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>European Blau (EbEb) + Golden (gg); i.e.
Silver, photos courtesy of Denis Barbe’ (left) & Stephen Elliot (right)</b></span><b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">White. </span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Double Recessive (European Blau + Blond).
White is not due to a single gene, it is a trait (<i>phenotype</i>) produced by the action of two genes. Melanophore size
and numbers are reduced. Body coloration
is pale, though some pattern remains subject to limitations of European Blau;
removal of red and yellow color pigment.
Finnage is flatter colored with limitations of European Blau. Described:
<b>Dzwillo 1959<sup><span style="color: red;">1</span></sup></b>.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezuSBaT47RrarX7LBiv2YbCOy06TVOcAaunKb_Q0d0dmqgEanGu26Ff2b4WOwTS-q3x4Rd-aBm_3XhTpvQzRcNABNEIDBp_JuXMZjOH7rTftHUfevggtFwS53Y0PsuLYEUenIW5m5TMY/s1600/46.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiezuSBaT47RrarX7LBiv2YbCOy06TVOcAaunKb_Q0d0dmqgEanGu26Ff2b4WOwTS-q3x4Rd-aBm_3XhTpvQzRcNABNEIDBp_JuXMZjOH7rTftHUfevggtFwS53Y0PsuLYEUenIW5m5TMY/s200/46.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2fKo6mpqC5UEfVe1Us48WDrlJKooQIyBYZMsYTASSaeuBaeUvQkLimpKUO-vhiyjh9EcHhl5qtezqiFBHD9WddyWYX_Jl3XbfGQp9TgEJKVyUej1IdkJXhxM5n5culX5PID679FU9ecE/s1600/47.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2fKo6mpqC5UEfVe1Us48WDrlJKooQIyBYZMsYTASSaeuBaeUvQkLimpKUO-vhiyjh9EcHhl5qtezqiFBHD9WddyWYX_Jl3XbfGQp9TgEJKVyUej1IdkJXhxM5n5culX5PID679FU9ecE/s200/47.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">White Half
Black Reds, photos courtesy of Tobias Bernsee</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">When Öjvind
Winge published The Location of Eighteen Genes in Lebistes Reticulatus in 1927 <b>(Winge 1927<sup><span style="color: red;">18</span></sup>)
</b>he listed a total of 18 ornamental traits.
Seventeen (17) deriving from an X or Y sex-linked mode of inheritance,
and one as autosomal incompletely dominant;
Zebrinus (Ze). The foundation
male of this particular trait was obtained in 1918. As Zebrinus was the first identified autosmal trait for color or
pattern, he delayed publication for nearly eight years. In his words, <b><i>“sex-linked inheritance with
frequent crossing-over between the X and the Y chromosome might easily be
confused with ordinary mendelian inheritance, and it was therefore desirable to
have an abundance of numerical material.”</i></b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;">While nearly 90
years have passed since the formal publication of Zebrinus as the first
documented autosomal gene for color or pattern, to my knowledge only an
additional six autosomal genes have been formally described; Blond (1938/1944),
Golden (1944), Albino (1947), European Blau (1959), Bar (1999), Metallicus [Stoerzbach]
(2007).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Researchers often use the term “<i>accessory genes</i>” to document unknown
grey areas. As breeders we have long
been aware of positive & negative “<i>autosomal
enhancement</i>”, or accessory genes through our improvements in color, pattern
and finnage through positive selection. <b><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Control of gene expression of body
and finnage is generally considered to be separate and distinct. But this
distinction is not always written in stone.
This is easily seen in the distinct effects of European and Asian Blau
on finnage coloration (<i>See prior photos</i>). The use of "full body" genes can be
used to amplify expression of another trait, as seen with Asian Blau +
Schimmelpennig Platinum. This is formally referred to as “epistasis”. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Asian Blau + Schim. Plat DS, photo
Alan S. Bias</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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As a breeder I have observed autosomal
genes have direct impact on expression in both heterozygous and homozygous
states. Breeders have long been aware of this, though
may not have understood the implications.
This is most easily seen in “incompletely dominant” genes such as Asian
Blau (<i>See prior photos</i>). Asian Blau produces vastly distinct
phenotypes in either homozygous or heterozygous condition.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What most breeders often fail to
realize is “recessives” also have an impact on expression in heterozygous
condition. This expression is often very
subtle, and you must understand not only your strain genetics, but that of each
line. The degree of expression of the “recessive”
allele in the heterozygote may vary from strain to strain because of the
genetic background of the particular strain. This has occasionally been documented in other
species. A good example to cite involves Red or Yellow strains, either solid or
halfblack (NiII), with lines maintained in Grey (BB) and Blond (bb). Both red and yellow have documented associations
with melanophores; when either color pigment is present, so are melanophores. Each type of color pigment has epistatic
“repulsion” qualities that determine not only not only melanophore locations,
but also concentration levels. Normally,
melanophores will populate regions absent of color pigment or be forced to
extreme edges.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It is common practice for breeders
to maintain dedicated Grey (BB) and Blond (bb) breeding lines within a
strain. Often the Grey line is
maintained in homozygous condition. In
my breeding program I routinely maintain my Grey lines in heterozygous Grey (Bb) condition. This means a percentage of males are also homozygous
for both Grey (BB) or Blond (bb). This
allows me to select Blond males for use in outcross to dedicated Blond breeding
lines, and avoid heterozygous grey-bodied (Bb) males in F<sub>1</sub>
offspring.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When lines of grey fish are bred
long-term grey x grey in homozygous (BB) condition the intensity of coloration
increases, along with the concentration and size of melanophores. In time they become “dirty” from the excess
accumulation of melanophores. In turn breeders
routinely outcross them to Blond (bb) counterparts. Resultant F<sub>1</sub> grey bodied
offspring, which are heterozygous (Bb) for blond, receive direct benefit both from
the Blond gene and outcross.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Blond
reduces melanophore size in both homozygous and heterozygous fashion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Out
crossing reintroduces the dominant allele(s) of the modifier gene(s) and
returns the F<sub>1</sub> (or beyond) to the more desired condition. Inbreeding
led to homozygosity for modifer genes (QTLs) that caused a “dirty” appearance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When Blond (bb) fish are bred
long-term bb x bb the intensity of coloration decreases, along with the
concentration and size of melanophores.
In time they become “pale” from the excess reduction of
melanophores. In turn breeders routinely
outcross them to heterozygous (Bb) or homozygous (BB) grey counterparts. Resultant F<sub>1</sub> offspring, receive
direct benefit from outcross. Again, outcrossing
reintroduces the dominant allele(s) of the modifier gene(s) and returns the F<sub>1</sub>
(or beyond) to the more desired condition. Inbreeding led to homozygosity for
modifer genes (QTLs) that caused a “pale” appearance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I have found when grey fish are bred
long-term for heterozygous (Bb) condition (Bb<i> x bb or Bb x Bb</i>) there are noticeable differences in the intensity
of coloration, along with the concentration and size of melanophores. Homozygous grey-bodied male siblings express
more intensity of coloration, the same as found in dedicated Grey lines. Heterozygous grey-bodied males lack the same
intensity of coloration as found in homozygous grey-bodied male siblings. As outcross is not a factor, this is highly suggestive
of direct influence from the autosomal recessive Blond gene when in
heterozygous condition. These recessive
genes are not completely recessive, but so close to being recessive that it
requires careful examination to detect the heterozygotes. <i> [<b>Note:</b>
This observation is not limited to
autosomal gene Blond. I see the same correlation
in other autosomal recessives in heterozygous condition; Golden (Gg),
Stoerzbach (Ss), Albino (Aa), and Pink (PKpk).]</i> <span style="color: red;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To illustrate the effect of
heterozygous Blond on Grey wild-type (<i>see
below</i>), we show a Grey (Bb) male heterozygous for Blond photographed under
three lightings. Notice muted Wingean
Orange spots and minimal black ocular spotting in anterior shoulders and
finnage. This degree of spotting is
commonly found in grey bodied males in my Lowersword strain. While he expresses a fairly high degree of
iridescence, overall color pigment expression is minimal and melanophores
reduced. <i>[<b>Note:</b> Variegation (Var) is visible in dorsal and
caudal, but faintly expressed.]<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In comparison we have two homozygous
Grey (BB) males (<i>see below</i>) with a
high degree of iridescence and reflective qualities in color pigment. The male on the left in Purple Body Mutation
(Pb), and the male on the right in wild-type orange.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Heterozygous Grey male (Bb), photos (left
– right) Alan S. Bias, photo (lower) courtesy of Joe Mason</span><o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Homozygous Grey (BB) males, photo by
Alan S. Bias</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In the following 2 examples we
illustrate the effect of heterozygous Golden (Gg) on Grey (bb) wild-type (<i>see below</i>). No additional Y-linked genes for fragmentary
snakeskin have been introduced. The
Golden gene was infused into my stocks several years ago through a single homozygous
Golden (gg) female. Notice how
melanophore collection and locations are altered from the prior examples
above. This is the “expected norm” for
heterozygous (Gg) breeding’s in my stocks.
Thus, is highly suggestive of direct influence from the autosomal
recessive Golden gene when in heterozygous condition.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Heterozygous Golden (Gg) males,
photo by Alan S. Bias</span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Summary
& Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">When taken seriously, Domestic
Guppy breeding may not be Rocket Science, but it is a science within itself as
is any form of pedigree stock breeding. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Longtime successful stock breeders breed by eye; through the power
of observation to achieve if not understand results. We are visual
thinkers to varying degrees. Successful breeders
have an inherent and often above average ability to observe
the natural world and create domestic results <b>(<i>Arnheim 1969</i></b></span><b><i><sup><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19</span></sup></i></b><b><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> Grasseni 2004</span></i></b><b><i><sup><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sup></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, 2005<sup><span style="color: red;">3</span></sup></span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">. Yet few take the time to
learn the applied genetics needed understand both past, present and future
results of planned breeding’s. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
Poecilia reticulata genotype is contained in a diploid chromosomal set of 46
chromosomes found in pairs, 44 of which are autosomal and 2 sex determining. Nearly all of the genes for color and
pattern are identified as sex-linked. In
a loose sense, assuming equal chromosome sizes, this equates to color and
pattern genes being located on 4% of the total genome, leaving for us as
breeders 96% of the total genome to search for unknown autosomal modifiers of
color and pattern to hide. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No new color is being added to
our genetic toolbox as breeders.
Genotype has been fixed since the inception of Domestic Guppy Breeding
by the five identified types of chromatophores that determine color and
pattern. Or has it? Much new color and pattern has been added to
phenotypical expressions in recent decades.
Some of which results from the identification of autosomal modifiers
found in existing stocks. However, the
greatest potential source of new color genes and gene combinations is wild
populations, as evidenced by the incredible color traits being developed from
infusion of variant populations.<span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
implications should be readily visible to any long-term breeder. We still have a vast unknown in the Guppy
genome to explore in our search for additional autosomal genes. Modifiers which can be used to further create
new and diverse autosomal combinations with existing sex-linked genes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Regardless
of your interests as a breeder; production to set show standards, creation,
exploration or an overlapping interest of all.
Don’t be so quick to cull that anomaly that shows up. Keep some notes or take a digital photograph
to record. More importantly, pass it on
to a breeder who may have the interest to study and develop it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Just because a class does not
exist to exhibit results today, does not mean it will not exist in the future.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Just because a new expression
does not meet a standard of today, does not mean it cannot be improved upon in
the future.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I sincerely thank you all for
taking the time to attend this presentation today…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">DEFINITIONS</span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alleles: </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Alternate
forms of the same gene.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Domestication:
</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">To bring or keep
(wild animals or plants) under control or cultivation. </span></i><a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://dictionary.reference.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Dominance:
</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">One gene contributes more, or
less, to the final phenotype. In complete dominance one allele completely hides
the effect of the other allele; while in the case of incomplete dominance, the
phenotype is part way between the phenotype of the two homozygous forms of the
allele.<span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Heterozygosity: </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">If two different alleles for a specific gene are present.</span></i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Homozygosity: </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">When an allele inherited from
a sire is the same as the one inherited from the dam. </span></i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Inbreeding
Depression</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:</span></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> A reduction
in fitness due to the mating of closely related and often genetically similar
individuals; creating a loss of robustness due to expression of deleterious
recessive alleles. This may result in an
inability to respond to selection from lack of residual heterozygosity. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Inbreeding: </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">The mating of highly related individuals
such as father to daughter or brother to sister. An inbred individual or population often
shows increased homozygosity. Progeny
may exhibit a reduction in desired genes or loss of fitness. </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Linebreeding:</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">
Planned mating to maintain a high degree of relation to a common ancestor or
ancestral group of high regard. The
intent is to avoid a reduction in desired genes or loss of fitness. A linebred individual has at least one common
ancestor on the sire and dam side within 3-5 generations.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Meiosis: </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">A type of cell division which reduces
chromosome numbers by half. <span style="background: white;">Two successive
nuclear divisions occur, Meiosis I (Reduction - ploidy level from 2n to n) and
Meiosis II (Division - divides the remaining set of chromosomes). Meiosis
produces 4 haploid cells, while Mitosis produces 2 diploid cells. <o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<a href="http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookmeiosis.html#Meiosis"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookmeiosis.html#Meiosis</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Mutation: </span></i></b><i><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the
protein encoded by the gene. </span></i><a href="http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/archive/mutations"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/archive/mutations</span></i></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Nonadditive
Gene Interaction: </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Non-additive
gene interactions include the effects of dominance of one allele over
another and epistatic effects of one
gene (or gene pair) on another, non-allelic gene (or gene pair). <span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Outcrossing:</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">
The mating of unrelated or distantly related individuals. </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This
results in increased heterozygosity.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">QTL: </span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Quantitative Trait Loci – Section of DNA (the locus)
correlating to variation in a phenotype.
Statistical analysis is then used identify linkages with genes
controlling phenotype.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Acknowledgments </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Richard Squire, Ph. D.
(Genetics), Retired Full Professor of Biology, University of Puerto Rico,
Mayaguez Campus. For his suggestions,
technical edits and proof reading of this publication.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Carl Groenewegen, Guppy Gene
Collector & Breeder, Liberty Twnshp., Ohio, USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">For his insights as a breeder, edits
and creation of a supporting PowerPoint presentation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Claus Osche, Guppy Breeder &
Gene Researcher, Altenburg, Thuringia, Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">For his insights as a breeder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Yuji Yamaguti, Guppy Breeder
& Gene Researcher, <span style="background: white; color: #141823; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">São Paulo, Brazil</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">For his insights as a breeder.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Notes<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">The term <b>“Domestic Guppy”</b> in this article shall
collectively refer to any and all captive bred strains, regardless of genetic
inputs from variant populations of </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">P. reticulata</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">, <i>P. reticulata
(wingei), P. reticulata (obscura)</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">
The terms <b>“V</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">ariant
Populations”</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"> or <b>“Variant”</b> in this article shall collectively refer to any and all
described species of Guppy; <i>P.
reticulata, P. reticulata (wingei), P. reticulata (obscura), P. reticulata
(guppii).</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">C</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">: The term <b>“Guppy”</b>
in this article shall collectively refer to any and all captive bred or wild-type
populations of </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: -.3pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">P. reticulata, P. reticulata (wingei), P.
reticulata (obscura).</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">References</span><o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span>Dwzillo
(1959); Genetische Untersuchungen an domestizierten Stammen von Lebistes
reticulatus (Peters). Mitt. Haburg.
Zool. Mus. Inst., pgs 143-186. <i>(European Blau & Silver)</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grasseni, C (2004); Skilled vision.
An apprenticeship in breeding Aesthetics, Social Anthropology
(2004), 12, 1, pgs. 41-55.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Grasseni, C (2005); Designer Cow:
The Practice of Cattle Breeding Between Skill and Standardization,
Society & Animals, 13:1.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Goodrich
(1944); The cellular expression and genetics of two new genes in Lebistes
Reticulatus. Genetics 29: 584, Nov. 1944.
<i>(Blond & Golden).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Haskins & Druzba (1938); </span>Note on
Anomalous Inheritance of Sex-Linked Color Factors in the Guppyi. <cite>The American Naturalist, </cite>Vol. 72, No. 743 (Nov. - Dec., 1938), pp. 571-574.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Haskins
& Haskins (1948); Albinism, A semi-Lethal Autosomal Mutation in Lebistes
Reticulatus. Heredity 2:251-262. (<i>Albino</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Kempkes
(2007); New colour genes in the guppy, Poecilia reticulate (Peters, 1850). Bulletin of Fish Biology, Vol. 9, Nos. 1-2,
pgs. 93-97. (<i>Metallicus / Stoerzbach</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>King,
R (1975); Handbook of Genetics: Volume 4 Vertebrates of Genetic Interest.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Klee
(1964); Non Sex-Linked Factors In The Body Coloration Of The Guppy. IFGA
Extracts, Pg 136, Vol I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Khoo
(1999); Linkage Analysis and Mapping of Three Sex-Linked Color Pattern Genes in
the Guppy, Poecilia reticulate.
Zoological Science 16: 893- 903 (1999).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Kottler
(2013); Pigment Pattern Formation in the Guppy, Poecilia reticulate, Involves
the Kta and Csf1ra Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.
Genetics Society of America, doi: 10.1534/genetics.113.15 1738.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Kottler
(2014); Multiple Pigment Cell Types
Contribute to the Black, Blue, and Orange Ornaments of Male Guppies (Poecilia
reticulata), <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-font-width: 87%;">PLoS<span style="letter-spacing: -.05pt;"> </span>ONE<span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span>9(1):<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> </span>e85647.<span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">doi<span style="letter-spacing: .05pt;">:</span>10.1371/journal.<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">p</span>one.0085647</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span>Phang
(1999); Interaction between the Autosomal Recessive bar Gene and the Y-linked
Snakeskin Body (Ssb) Pattern Gene in the Guppy, Poecilia Reticulata, Zoological
Science 16: 905-908. <i>(Bar).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://link.springer.com/search?facet-creator=%22J.+H.+Schr%C3%B6der%22"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;">Schröder</span></a> (1983); The
guppy (Poecilia reticulate PETERS) as a model for evolutionary studies in
genetics, behavior, and ecology. Ber. Nat.-med.Verein Innsbruck, Band 70, pgs.
249-279.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: red;">15.<span style="font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://svenkullander.se/docs/fredlini1932.pdf" target="_blank" title="Description of golden guppy"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Schreitmüller, V. (1932);</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Lebistes reticulatu</span></em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">s (Peters) var.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fredlini</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">(Schreitm.). </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Akvariet</span></em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">,
6: 118–119.</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> <i>(Fredlini).</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Schreitmüller,
W. (1933); Neuimporte und anderes.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Ellis,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Cichlosoma cutteri</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Fowl.,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Colossoma</span></em>species,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Hyphessobrycon</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>species I und II und<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Lebistes reticulatus</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Pet.)
var.<span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">fredlini</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Schreitm.). <em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und Terrarienkunde,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>30: 145–149.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Schreitmuller,
W. (1934); Der ”Goldguppy” und ein Totalalbino von<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Xiphophorus hellerii</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Heckel.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Wochenschrift für Aquarien- und
Terrarienkunde</span></em>, 31: 242–243.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Winge
(1927); The Location of Eighteen Genes In Lebistes Reticulatus. Journal of Gen. XVIII. <i>(Zebrinus).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.<span style="font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Arnheim, R. (1969),
Visual thinking. Berkeley; Univ of CA Press.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: xx-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-3386212203115468472015-05-26T22:53:00.000-04:002015-05-29T01:01:15.737-04:00The IFGA At A Crossroads; Can re-evaluation of standards and adherence to goals stave of demise?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="uficommentbody"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The IFGA At A
Crossroads; Can re-evaluation of standards<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">and adherence to
goals stave of demise?<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Permission granted for nonprofit
reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning
purposes only.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">May 26, 2015</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdZnXhumx6YAUP3PCQ1_WeCZhJqoK4xiu_HqKcg6VCIx_huiVXY3eYTd35R5pUQvez7Fif_2njp6vlb7ROEn5qqkcn41FKcJUKzjZPpLHWvSJsiOlg__ScRo5M59R-b9yTnEhOPv-dHQ/s1600/11225228_708556069266960_539403171519405099_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrdZnXhumx6YAUP3PCQ1_WeCZhJqoK4xiu_HqKcg6VCIx_huiVXY3eYTd35R5pUQvez7Fif_2njp6vlb7ROEn5qqkcn41FKcJUKzjZPpLHWvSJsiOlg__ScRo5M59R-b9yTnEhOPv-dHQ/s320/11225228_708556069266960_539403171519405099_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Schim. Plat Big
Ear Red Mosiac, courtesy Sathu Damkham<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">First
and foremost let me state the following thoughts and opinions are not intended as
a direct criticism of the IFGA (International Fancy Guppy Association) or its
officers past, present or future. I
simply state as a request to IFGA membership and officers for consideration
based on personal observations and interactions with member breeders, based on active
membership in the association going back over 30+ years. Having
supported the intended stated purpose of the IFGA through uncountable show
entries and positive writings on its behalf; based on a general understanding
of the genetics found within modern Domestic Guppies.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Simple
economics is often blamed for declining membership, interest, entries and
attendance at IFGA shows. To a degree
this is not only true today, but just as true yesterday in the heyday of the
IFGA. No one can deny that income of the
average working American has not kept pace with inflation over the last fifty
years. To quote an old saying, <b><i>“Where
there is a will there is a way”</i></b>. The
truth can often be found when personal preferences are put aside, and an open
mind is used to look in other directions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Interest
in Domestic Guppy breeding in the US and worldwide has never been greater.
Interest in raising and showing under aged and static IFGA standards, and more
importantly associating with the IFGA has never been lower. A simple fact is evident; not many breeders wish to raise traditional IFGA delta guppies. The IFGA has set itself on a pedestal and a
common feeling is expressed among non-affiliated young breeders of inaccessibility. Not towards breeders in general, but the association
as a whole. Most long-time IFGA breeders
are very generous with both their time and stocks when genuine interest is perceived.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IFGA
leadership is to be commended for their efforts as voluntary officers. Many of whom have served numerous terms over
many decades. But herein lays the paramount
ongoing problem. That being <b><i>lack
of recruitment</i></b> to replace them.
Leadership has been primarily comprised of individuals whose primary
interest is in breeding and showing to existing standards. To
many it appears these “senior members” lack the ability to take notice of
modern breeder interests and evolve towards them. For those who take offense being referenced
as seniors, this will mark my 46<sup>th</sup> year breeding guppies in my own
right.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0lwA6yh8wgMdlqgqGVN20jy0PHoxOxWmAYwSXfnwuzVSdUL2ZKlnjA19rFqBL7gwEWPgA5q_1PezxHtQG-n9AZbj0TtbkzdkebAh6UGb8XHvwmMh2aZgHaAnoeDTdzAsT1qVSzcr0uY4/s1600/1891309_10153106318319471_6498743117118692596_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0lwA6yh8wgMdlqgqGVN20jy0PHoxOxWmAYwSXfnwuzVSdUL2ZKlnjA19rFqBL7gwEWPgA5q_1PezxHtQG-n9AZbj0TtbkzdkebAh6UGb8XHvwmMh2aZgHaAnoeDTdzAsT1qVSzcr0uY4/s320/1891309_10153106318319471_6498743117118692596_o.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Metal
Moscow Snakeskin, courtesy Mk Khaw<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
check of any large animal pedigree breed association shows that common practice
is for an officer, outside of clerical positions, to serve several consecutive
terms to be replaced by prominent new breeders in good standing. Over the last 30+ years of my membership, the
IFGA has a negligible history of recruiting and retaining experienced new
members. Those with not only new ideas
to foster the association, but also put effort into putting on shows.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Currently
the IFGA maintains a declining and very small footprint in the overall scheme
of World Guppy breeding. Yes, our
standards have created a stable population of delta strains recognizable
world-wide. Yet interest in them by
non-members continues to decline in favor of new and diverse stable phenotypes
created through both genetic understanding &/or trial and error breeding’s. Rather than acknowledge and attempt to
understand the genetics involved in their creation, they are often labeled as <b><i>“inferior”</i></b>
to IFGA stocks.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn6L2QA4kFJbwsp0q5Ux2SJWKwdWg9Z0sHp_0rqaLe2X1I6k7IwR2bMrf0xwan4WeGBVhIP26JrZT49Bn7tniD0-FrJlTP5QsqTRyio8YMPYT9wGO9SiPO6R3RbyV06Tm0WIeySkdusLI/s1600/10313471_878387628854845_8155097982618618926_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="295" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn6L2QA4kFJbwsp0q5Ux2SJWKwdWg9Z0sHp_0rqaLe2X1I6k7IwR2bMrf0xwan4WeGBVhIP26JrZT49Bn7tniD0-FrJlTP5QsqTRyio8YMPYT9wGO9SiPO6R3RbyV06Tm0WIeySkdusLI/s320/10313471_878387628854845_8155097982618618926_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">X-link
Schimmelpennig Royal Platinums,<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">courtesy Carl Groenewegen<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> A willingness to understand strain genetics
will often reveal “genetic limitations” that can preclude adherence to existing
IFGA standards. Does this make them
inferior? Not at all. It just makes them different. Yet, successful IFGA breeders have and will
continue to quietly incorporate European and Asian advances into their gene
pool to compete at sanctioned IFGA shows.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Current
IFGA standards seek to produce a <b><i>“perfect”</i></b> fish in a limited number
of solid patterns, halfblacks and snakeskins set to a single delta body type. It has reduced the IFGA gene pool to a
homogenous state through ignoring and culling much of the former diversity
found in past genotype. Attempts at
creating <b><i>"provisional"</i></b> classes have been geared to failure
with short time frames allowed, while retaining existing classes no longer
viable. It took several decades for the
IFGA to finally come to terms with declining interest in a former staple of
Domestic Guppy breeding; the Veil Tail. In the end multiple veil classes where
combined into a single class, as they should be. If in the future interest decrees, veil classes
can again be expanded.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">While
many new phenotypes found worldwide are considered inferior or unstable by IFGA
criteria, it should be remembered that many IFGA classes can only be maintained
by <b><i>“compatible”</i></b>
breeding schemes used to create or preserve them. In essence, many classes are supported by the
product of outcross from within existing lines; a result of genetic limitations
imposed upon phenotypes found worldwide.
These same genetic limitations can also preclude development towards current
IFGA standards. Yet, they can be <b><i>“perfect”</i></b>
within themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="ARTICLE_2_-_PURPOSE_AND_OBJECTIVES"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IFGA
Constitution<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></a></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ARTICLE 2 - PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Section
2.1 - Purpose<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.1 To
promote interest in, and scientific knowledge about guppies<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.2 To
promote interest in guppies through exhibition and the distribution of
information<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Somewhere
along the way during the last 50 years section 2.1.1 of the IFGA constitution
fell by the wayside. Focus has been near
exclusively oriented to section 2.1.2; exhibition. Either we fail to distribute our genetic
knowledge or we do not understand it. A check of IFGA archives and publications will
show articles have primarily dealt with <b><i>“how to produce a show guppy” </i></b>under
existing static strains. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Breeding Domestic Guppies for most is about color,
pattern and finnage. As breeders our
interests will change over time. Not all
breeders find the traditional <b><i>“IFGA body type”</i></b> of interest. To quote one of my prior articles<b><sub>, </sub></b><i>“</i></span></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Each of us is bound by our narrow focus on not
only how we describe a quality guppy, but the breeding technique(s) we use to
obtain them. If a breeder is not careful self-imposed limitations may
hinder our interpretation of accrued knowledge from all sources and its
possible uses. To further compound events as breeders we often do not
document results of our crosses very well. Breeders should consider the
possibilities as they present themselves. In example; a cull is not just
an individual who fails in expectations. You can still learn from
it. Did it come about from crossover or simple recombination of
alleles? Worse yet, will a gene complex inhibit your desired goals or is
a form of gene regulation preventing it?”
</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Our standards were
formulated towards delta tails with little understanding of than current or
newly discovered genetic limitations.
Nor, did they take into account the possibility of newly developed
colors, patterns or fin types. Worse
yet, they failed to consider future interest and improvements to old
established finnage types. The latter
being forced into extinction within the realm of IFGA breeding's.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOFua0vUUGra5w5tuIkU_vzCPS8vH78F9moL0MvAwqfPbQ0eVvsP68-EKbxWXUYNhEWqugP7pmgzreHBidELPy64koEPnhn51dqvLHG2p9totddqWkvrih2JJmqHzW7H1lnYChdZmcH1g/s1600/11054278_591846057617525_1144378581341124434_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOFua0vUUGra5w5tuIkU_vzCPS8vH78F9moL0MvAwqfPbQ0eVvsP68-EKbxWXUYNhEWqugP7pmgzreHBidELPy64koEPnhn51dqvLHG2p9totddqWkvrih2JJmqHzW7H1lnYChdZmcH1g/s320/11054278_591846057617525_1144378581341124434_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Grey Full Platinum Roundtail, courtesy Dede Law<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Just as a breeder can impose limitations on
progressing a breed program, so too can narrow breed standards impose
limitations on breeder interest by failing to allow an avenue in which to show results. </span><span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Much of the
current interest in breeding modern Domestic Guppies results from the vast
amount of genetic knowledge garnered over the last several decades. At the time IFGA standards were contrived
this knowledge was as alien as Buck Rodgers to an Elizabethan Englishman or Appalachian
hill farmer. No one is at fault, yet
current interests and genetic understanding needs to be acknowledged. There exists a vast array of diversity in
color, pattern, finnage type within established breeding programs, and the
breeders have no outlet to show it under IFGA auspices.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="line-height: 10.95pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Leopard
Snakeskin, photo courtesy of Akrawat</span></b></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
is time the diminishing ranks of long-time breeders and limited recruitment
come to grips with a single fact. Blatantly stated: IFGA
fish are no better than the top end entries at European or Asian Shows. IFGA
fish simply meet IFGA standards, and often would fail to place under another
standard. Preference to adhere to or not adhere to IFGA delta standards is a
personal choice. It does not signify higher status upon another set standard,
unless you choose to breed toward it.
Nor, is it a reason to alienate other breeders, such as myself, who
express diversity of opinion, show and promote the IFGA, wish to become members
of the IFGA, or are members of another Guppy association. There is little need to compare in a derogatory
manner entries in overseas shows against IFGA standards, unless you wish to
incorporate their genetics into an IFGA breeding program. It is OK to openly acknowledge the
accomplishments of our brethren breeders in the World Guppy Community without
negative comparison.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I recently received
an email from a breeder with decades of success breeding betta and
killifish. In excerpt he stated, <i>“</i></span><i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">I always wondered why I
wasn't excited about my fish. I would purchase eggs from all over the world… …place the eggs in water and it would be just
like a miracle with all the fry appearing from the moss. VERY EXCITING. The fry
would mature and I would breed my new killies to get my own eggs. My own eggs
would hatch and grow and there they were more fish that looked exactly like
their parents. Deja vu. …the next generation, Deja vu all over again. Breeding became
boring for me with no chance to create. …[now]
I only have guppies in my fish rooms. I do not have any other fish. I have been
breeding for IFGA standards and the fish are beautiful but..... And then you
[Alan S. Bias] said it <b>"IFGA standards
make little allowance for diversity, creation and genetic understanding"</b>.
I love my fish but I also enjoy being able to create, maybe even more. It is
very exciting to be able to watch a new genetic cross mature into fish that you
are the first to see and if you are successful, that's the most exciting of
all. What I don't like is being <span id="misspell-11"><span id="yui_3_16_0_1_1432587212314_3025">criticized</span></span> for doing this
type of breeding and sometimes feeling like an outcast in an international club
that I love just as much as any other member. </span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 9pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Albino Ginga Merah, courtesy Kanlaya
Suknipitporn<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A common observation of member breeders
at Asian show is the comparative age of hundreds of individuals in attendance each day who have no entries entered. The
majority are reported to be under the age of 40 with a majority well under the
age of 30. IFGA show attendance is often
limited to a few dozen individuals, often retired, who have entries, help with
the show are required for judging. While we should continue to welcome “retirees”
within our ranks who have renewed their former interest in guppies, emphasis
should be geared towards recruitment of those youngsters who have the urge to
create modern domestic strains. Not
simply re-invent the wheel by maintaining those of old.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The IFGA is at a critical
crossroad. The loss of a dozen active breeders could cripple
it. The loss of two dozen active
breeders would signal its demise, or at least that of an 8 to 10 show
circuit. Not only do these individuals
provide the bulk of show entries, but also the serve as judges, officers and manpower
putting on shows. To continue along our
current course geared towards the showing of aged standards will not increase
recruitment of new breeders in it for the long-haul; 3-5 years if not 5-10. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A complete evaluation of our current standards
geared towards modern strain and phenotypical interests is needed. Correlated with efforts to make ourselves
more accessible, not only as a pedigree breed association, but as breeders in
general. Only after we as breeders come
to grips with our own shortcomings can the IFGA as an organization follow
suit. Are we on the right path? It would not seem so.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Magenta Red Albino, courtesy Krisztian Medveczki<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Failing
to formally acknowledge with minimal sponsorship & funding the 18th WGA
show continues the IFGA down a road to self-instituted isolation and oblivion. As a
pedigree breed association we recently missed a tremendous opportunity to
positively advance our image on home ground.
This at the insistence of a few individuals enamored in
their own static interpretation of what constitutes a modern Domestic
Guppy. Yet those of moderate interpretation
in leadership roles are just as at fault for not further pursuing. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">But
there is still a dim light shining, the number of prominent long-time IFGA
breeders indicating planned attendance at the 18<sup>th</sup> WGA show continues
to grow, as does that of non-aligned and overseas breeders. An opportunity exists to see those diverse
phenotypes found on the internet in person.
More importantly, for those breeders who will persevere and remain in
the hobby for an extended period of time exists an opportunity to develop
personal relationships with your counterparts around the world.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="uficommentbody"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">At
this very show sponsored by the World Guppy Association (<a href="http://guppy-online.com/wga/">http://guppy-online.com/wga/</a>) one of
the founding fathers of the IFGA, Stan Shubel, will be honored with a Lifetime
Award for his dedication, contributions, and longevity in the world of Domestic
Guppy breeding. I plan on honoring him
with my attendance. Hopefully other IFGA
members will put aside their personal and political differences by doing the
same…<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.18thworldguppycontest2015.com/">http://www.18thworldguppycontest2015.com/</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><u>Is The IFGA Sustainable As A Guppy Organization Geared Solely To Delta Caudals With A Single Body Type?</u></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
5.29.15 <i><b>Addendum </b>in response to both positive and negative feedback received</i>.</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
Comparison of the WGC and IFGA is nearly the same as Apples
to Lemons. It’s not even close enough to
consider Oranges. The WGC is simply an
administrative attempt at bringing breeders together with acknowledgement of
worldwide Guppy associations at (inter)national levels and their member clubs who
host WGC annual shows.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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If you wish to be realistic a comparison between the IFGA and
IKGH should be made. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The IFGA has 24 male delta tail color classes of a single
body/caudal/dorsal description<b><i> (Red, Blue, Green, Black, Purple, Yellow,
AOC, HB Red, HB Blue, HB Pastel, HB Yellow, HB Purple, HB Green, HB AOC, Red
Bicolor, Blue-Green Bicolor, AOC Bicolor, Multi, Solid Snakeskin, Var.
Snakeskin, Red Albino, AOC Albino, Gold, Bronze)</i></b>. 2 Swordtail classes <b><i>(Single & Double)</i></b>. There are 9 female classes <b><i>(Red,
AOC, HB AOC, Blue-Green, Gold, Black, HB Red, Bronze , Albino)</i></b>. There is one Veil class<b><i> (combined)</i></b>. NO OTHER caudal, color/pattern, finnage trait
known to exist in fixed strains is recognized with a class for entry. IFGA Master Breeder criteria is based on and
geared toward delta class and BOS placements, with value for same in swordtails
valued at 1/4 the point value.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Our European Counterparts in the IKGH have recognized
classes allowing for: 10 base body
colors, 19 body colors / patterns. Each
can be shown under the following 12 body/caudal/dorsal descriptions; 4 broadtails <b><i>(Fan, Triangle, Veil, Flag)</i></b>,
4 Swordtails <b><i>(Double, Top, Bottom, Lyre)</i></b>, 4 small tails <b><i>(spade, spear, round, pin)</i></b>. As I understand more are being considered. Even so, this is still a limited fraction of
the diversity of “fixed type” strains found in breeder tanks around the world.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The average number of entries at any given IFGA show is
between 500-600 entries. This includes
duplication from single and pairs within the same delta classes. The IKGH at last check was running in the 400
entry range. Taking into account the
number of shows on the IKGH yearly circuit the overall number of yearly entries
between the IFGA and IKGH is minimal.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The IKGH currently recognizes 25 or more active clubs in
Europe. Membership likely exceeds IFGA.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The IFGA currently recognizes 18 active clubs. Of which several are token and for the most
part inactive, and two are outside US borders.
IFGA active membership is static at just over 180, which includes
overseas members in the 18 clubs. Many
of these members do not show or are senior emeritus who no longer actively
breed.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Of the 180 paid IFGA members, 23% (percent) or 42
individuals took all 140+ First – Fourth placings in the overall 2014 Class
totals (<b><i>Novice / Junior / Grand totals are not considered as not representative
of any set class</i></b>). They range in
age from 15 – 80+. The average age of
these 42 individuals is just at 60 years of age. One individual is 15, 2 are 35, 2 are 45, and
the remainder are well over 50 years of age (<b><i>ages averaged to nearest 5 year
increment</i></b>). Over half of these
individuals have been active in the IFGA for 30+ years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Between 8-12% (40-45+) of entries at an IFGA show are
represented by the sole non-delta classes (Single and Double Swordtails). These numbers are sustained by 2-4 breeders. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
Based on solely on Swordtail entries how much interest in
breeding to IFGA standards and recruitment of younger individuals could be
gained from an evaluation and broadening of classes without the constraints of
a non-pointed two year probation test period?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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In twenty years the majority of the 42 IFGA
members active in 2014 will no longer be around. Is the IFGA sustainable geared toward a single body description and delta caudal as an organization past this time frame?
Attrition vs. recruitment & retention over the last two decades says
likely not…<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Michigan Guppy Breeders Show is June 6-7, 2015: </span></b><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b><a href="http://ifga.org/show_rules/2015/mgb_2015.htm">http://ifga.org/show_rules/2015/mgb_2015.htm</a></b></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
One of our premier IFGA shows and a strong host club. Show your support and promote your breeding
program by taking the time to send some entries. Better yet, find the time to take them
yourself. This will be my first personal
IFGA show attendance in quite some time…</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-72167419450521477812015-03-30T03:00:00.001-04:002015-03-31T14:14:49.721-04:00A Discussion of the Micariff Phenotype; misconceptions and facts<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><u>A Discussion of the Micariff Phenotype;</u></span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><u>misconceptions and facts</u></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">© Alan S. Bias</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or
duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 10pt;">March 30, 2015<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">March 31, 2015 (Updated)</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUVGpi3JlfRFvV36zAQNQa1rpT2tb6onYufD4IDMuGr4D4Dojn5IgKAWaalely1bx8hvc8KzG_MjFpABUj9QRdDivL_GPj2twlzPbLPI_MlTV2Wgtu0L3ZkHxf4e1eF2EgutKvnGKAn4/s1600/micke+norberg+blond+micariff.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDUVGpi3JlfRFvV36zAQNQa1rpT2tb6onYufD4IDMuGr4D4Dojn5IgKAWaalely1bx8hvc8KzG_MjFpABUj9QRdDivL_GPj2twlzPbLPI_MlTV2Wgtu0L3ZkHxf4e1eF2EgutKvnGKAn4/s1600/micke+norberg+blond+micariff.png" height="166" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Blond Micariff, courtesy Micke Norberg</i></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAbdDS0hMOJjxOtzH_cwjtHVnhfT7tji9vZs_qppNT3kRkXwR6OEed0oGkdm-PJgijO3lueBEoax-eCG6-pNb9QG0bEfR5Ri3tT9hiY14ziTU2gM7YMlxaDBY-dvNaOO2fXzZHes_RIY/s1600/micke+norberg+grey+micariff.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuAbdDS0hMOJjxOtzH_cwjtHVnhfT7tji9vZs_qppNT3kRkXwR6OEed0oGkdm-PJgijO3lueBEoax-eCG6-pNb9QG0bEfR5Ri3tT9hiY14ziTU2gM7YMlxaDBY-dvNaOO2fXzZHes_RIY/s1600/micke+norberg+grey+micariff.png" height="176" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Grey Micariff, courtesy Micke Norberg</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">According to California breeder and IFGA member Mike Khalid, the Micariff phenotype was created in Sri Lanka by two
breeders from his homeland, Michael Cole and Denis Ariff. The name itself
a truncation of Michael's given name and Denis' surname: MicAriff.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">While Micariff is most often associated with
a reduced melanophore blond (b) phenotype, it is also recognizable in wild-type
grey with increased melanophores.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a pedigree stock breeder I am hesitant
to assign specific genes to produce expected result (phenotypes). If for no other reason modern research and
breeding’s have shown the many phenotypes are not the product of “single
genes”, rather the product of “multiple genes” or mutations upon them in
combination or linked complexes. To this
reasoning, as in all my writings, will refer to a gene(s) expression as a
trait.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The required traits needed to produce the Micariff phenotype
have long been the subject of conjecture based on both purebred and outcrosses maintained by breeders. Results from each suffering from lack of scientific
method needed over multiple generations to provide proper ratio’s for
analysis. Yet these breeding’s can still
tell us much from visual records.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The two most prevalent theories having arisen in Europe and
Asia where Micariff’s have a stronger following by serious breeders in
comparison to North America. The Asian version while lessor defined
basically states that the end result is the product of a metal trait, likely
Metal Gold (<b><i>Mg</i></b>) + Snakeskin Body (<b><i>Ssb</i></b>) + Snakeskin Tail
(<b><i>Sst</i></b>). </span>[<i><b>Note</b>: Hereafter <b>Ssb / Sst </b>will be referenced singularly as <b>Ssb</b></i>].</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The better defined European version asserts a product of homozygous
Stoerzbach<b><sup>1</sup></b> (<b><i>s</i></b>) + homozygous snakeskin (<b><i>Ssb</i></b>): Males = <b><i>X<sup>Ssb</sup> Y<sup>Ssb</sup> ss mgmg</i></b> and females = <b><i>X<sup>Ssb</sup> X<sup>Ssb</sup> ss mgmg</i></b>. It should be taken into
account here that many European breeders do not make a genetic distinction between
Stoerzbach and several other metal traits as is common in Asia and North
America. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jmTFF_cgj6Bfe_zKG__m_cm2bTc_6WvZ-r5X0fMwOitGLVcc4mdycQpdXJzHHObd3mZ8IcLTyHknZ2ORMjdQ99Gwnk1T_v4-jhxO3_uvTsWaxGYwVlhKBjyczaY0uFrSHkPNrCb49Zg/s1600/11025208_10206435014178232_2883477769618625989_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9jmTFF_cgj6Bfe_zKG__m_cm2bTc_6WvZ-r5X0fMwOitGLVcc4mdycQpdXJzHHObd3mZ8IcLTyHknZ2ORMjdQ99Gwnk1T_v4-jhxO3_uvTsWaxGYwVlhKBjyczaY0uFrSHkPNrCb49Zg/s1600/11025208_10206435014178232_2883477769618625989_o.jpg" height="200" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Grey Micariff female, courtesy Myster Green</span></i></b><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFafqA0AXzJhruZ3ROaOvbah7d-6vnLQU-OT8Wz5tTcgxtFIAcpYPc1U1abXP32TGRSsmPTZ6US_vvFEY1raWtuzw8pv_RWJSwSaO2XPAU-9elzmKTxdvqRwJ1BjkHG-xs17JsVQjfstc/s1600/10612862_1535643133366374_750646547271126068_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFafqA0AXzJhruZ3ROaOvbah7d-6vnLQU-OT8Wz5tTcgxtFIAcpYPc1U1abXP32TGRSsmPTZ6US_vvFEY1raWtuzw8pv_RWJSwSaO2XPAU-9elzmKTxdvqRwJ1BjkHG-xs17JsVQjfstc/s1600/10612862_1535643133366374_750646547271126068_n.jpg" height="174" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Blond Micariff female, courtesy Raj Seshagiri</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hypothesis:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In response to both of these theories, I state each as being
only partially correct. I propose: That Metal
Gold (<b><i>Mg</i></b>), Stoerzbach (<b><i>s</i></b>), Snakeskin Body (<b><i>Ssb</i></b>) all in homozygous state, and a “<b><i>missing trait</i></b>” are
required to produce the original metallic Micariff phenotype in full body expression. That this missing trait is required in conjunction with Steorzbach a "full body" trait acting as a precursor to effect the "metallic gold Micariff phenotype" <b><i>(hereafter metallic)</i></b> in both body and finnage. As a result two actual expressions are commonly produced when Stoerzbach is lacking or in heterozygous form; metallic and non-metallic body </span><b><i>(hereafter non-metallic)</i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. [</span><b><i>Note: </i></b><i>It should be stated that in a true breeding metallic strain females under this hypothesis would need a genotype </i><i><b>X</b><sup style="font-weight: bold;">Ssb</sup><b> X</b><sup style="font-weight: bold;">Ssb</sup><b> </b></i><b><i>ss mgmg</i></b><i><b> </b>in females and<b> </b></i><i><b>X</b><sup style="font-weight: bold;">Ssb</sup><b> Y</b><sup style="font-weight: bold;">Ssb</sup><b> </b></i><b><i>ss mgmg</i></b><i><b> </b>in males</i><i>. </i><i>For for producing a percentage of metallic a genotype heterozgous for stoerzbach in either males or females woul</i><i>d suffice. For production of non-metallic a genotype lacking Sterozbach in one sex or </i><i>heterozgous for stoerzbach in both sexes woul</i><i>d suffice.</i><i>]</i></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPolhD13rXRPiOdO5EiBJZHovCnyiUPnnKld3cmB3BoPU7iLNFWQW6uEqJd7OKWa9J7-dWJq_ZWIf3JwOE6R8zIMTocuJxl7Gv96YmfyNhICtlvLW4nt0hDhARElm-W15cG406lAibNb8/s1600/guppy_yellow_002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPolhD13rXRPiOdO5EiBJZHovCnyiUPnnKld3cmB3BoPU7iLNFWQW6uEqJd7OKWa9J7-dWJq_ZWIf3JwOE6R8zIMTocuJxl7Gv96YmfyNhICtlvLW4nt0hDhARElm-W15cG406lAibNb8/s1600/guppy_yellow_002.jpg" height="132" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Homozygous metallic; </i></b><i><b>X</b><sup style="font-weight: bold;">Ssb</sup><b> Y</b><sup style="font-weight: bold;">Ssb</sup><b> </b></i><b><i>ss mgmg</i></b><b><i>, </i></b><b><i>courtesy Mitchell Weintraub</i></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqbdc5_oXARqc6ikL8qpxW0u_dmVGnXbd3P9NABmkxTsT3ZgsrsntjTiD875vuPsT2qDoc9sjXqedTZiSycwm9xrKg5P6-Wjid5qIAhMWnn9Mud2-HrYBe8HzbcB2N9QBchUmiHnPlLbA/s1600/guppy_yellow_004.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqbdc5_oXARqc6ikL8qpxW0u_dmVGnXbd3P9NABmkxTsT3ZgsrsntjTiD875vuPsT2qDoc9sjXqedTZiSycwm9xrKg5P6-Wjid5qIAhMWnn9Mud2-HrYBe8HzbcB2N9QBchUmiHnPlLbA/s1600/guppy_yellow_004.jpg" height="140" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Heterozygous metallic offspring; </i></b><i style="text-align: justify;"><b>X</b><b> Y</b><sup style="font-weight: bold;">Ssb</sup><b> S</b></i><b style="text-align: justify;"><i>s mgmg</i></b><b><i>, </i></b><b><i>courtesy Mitchell Weintraub</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Heterozygous non-metallic; </i><i style="text-align: justify;">X<sup>Ssb</sup> Y<sup>Ssb</sup> Ss mgmg</i><i>, courtesy P. Shaddock</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">When discussing genetic makeup and expression of color & pattern in guppies, one should undertake an understanding of what we are actually seeing with the naked eye. You quickly come to the realization we are not looking at a colored fish, but rather it's reflective qualities.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The Bagnara Dermal Chromatophore Unit was first published in 1968. For nearly four decades it was for the most part ignored by both the scientific community and that of the Domestic Guppy breeder. Though the latter often stumbled upon it in breeding's and produced visible results without understanding the genetic implications.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Longtime successful stock breeders breed by eye; through the power of observation to achieve if not understand results. We are visual thinkers to varying degrees. Little different from a musician who plays by ear. This shared trait among breeders has met stiff resistance in acceptance by many. Yet even the scientific community has slowly started to support what we as breeders have know for centuries; that successful breeders have an inherent and often above average ability to observe the natural world and create domestic results (<b><i>Arnheim 1969 & Grasseni 2004 & 2005</i></b>). Our shortfall in the eyes of science has been an inability to communicate this understanding to others, both outside and among our peers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In the following simple visual aid, used in support of Bagnara's work on color study, we have the basis of his theory as published in multiple papers over a period of two decades. <span style="text-align: center;"><b><i>[Note: </i></b><i>color added to black and white photo to reflect chromatophores.</i><b>]</b></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxJo5uPnQZ2kmY9JQOCEMo8lFtmigVol6an2O84tPISmgci-9O5HvsZdM8p2U37c6FBr33oBu8HPDNTK2GDk9Mwdk_s7ctGjHxfAzuQtBxM3F-A-eU1NtpyrzlPz8Jr7wLR3fFi0Lhqro/s1600/Bagnara+Dermal+Unit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxJo5uPnQZ2kmY9JQOCEMo8lFtmigVol6an2O84tPISmgci-9O5HvsZdM8p2U37c6FBr33oBu8HPDNTK2GDk9Mwdk_s7ctGjHxfAzuQtBxM3F-A-eU1NtpyrzlPz8Jr7wLR3fFi0Lhqro/s1600/Bagnara+Dermal+Unit.jpg" height="248" width="400" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>The Dermal Chromatophore Unit; Bagnara (1968) & Bagnara et. al. (1973),</b><br /><b> reprint from Grether (2004)</b></i></span></td></tr>
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[<b><i>Excerpt Grether (2004):</i></b> <i>The dermal chromatophore unit... ...of a hypothetical green frog, showing how the xanthophore, iridophore, melanophore and underlying fascia layers interact to determine the overall colour of the </i><i>animal. Wavy lines depict the paths of light of differing wavelengths through the cell layers...</i>]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">An understanding of the Dermal Chromatophore Unit in conjunction with an understanding of genetic associations between melanophores - color pigments - iridophores has much to offer serious breeders. The two will help plan your mating's and alleviate trial and error through random breeding's. In the end help understand your results, both positive and negative. Even though your goals or that of a show standard may call for a specified result, is it in reality genetically possible? Tank space is to precious to "recreate the wheel" in re-producing the failures of our predecessors. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Yellow color pigment is
often very motile and hard to define by the naked eye u</span><span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">nless put under a microscope to determine composition. From a breeders perspective I tend to make a
couple basic assumptions in associating yellow traits when it comes to yellow
color pigment cells.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The assumption is based on perceived mode of inheritance and
motility. If autosomal dominant or recessive, likely metal gold. If sex-linked, likely yellow color pigment.
Even this is not guaranteed. There are so few identified “yellow color pigment”
traits in the body.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If there is an “expected norm” it might be: 1. Yellow
color cells are often very small and round.
2. Red color cells are larger and
less defined. 3. Wild-type orange seem to fall in between in
both size and shape.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Working from memory, wild-type yellow cells are most often punctate;
small & round. They can also be dendritic;
large with arm-like extensions. The
latter can result in regions with dark dense and motile yellow coloration. Population
type (punctate or dendritic) and numbers often differ depending upon a lower
layer of leucophores or iridophores in both body and finnage.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When high concentrations of either leuchophores or
iridophores appear absent to the naked eye (clear finnage) dendritic &
punctate are often found together close to the body. As you extend further out on finnage
dendritic reduce in numbers, while punctate continue. Even then, this is subject to both type and
concentration of melanophores. Both red /
yellow cell placement and population is in interaction with melanophore types
and location.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Both punctate and dendritic yellow color cells are found in
various locations in body and finnage. Punctate throughout the body and dendritic
concentrated in specific locations. Based on breeding results, trait definitions,
and an understanding of trait composition it seems dendritic are the most
motile. Punctate are scattered about having
less direct interaction with melanophores. Dendritic tend to collect around
melanophores. In the end the primary
difference being whether leucophores (white), iridophores (silver / blue) or
neither underlay color pigment cells. <o:p></o:p></span><i><span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[<b>Note: </b> Motility of yellow color cell pigments over
iridophores or leucophores allows for increased expression by positive </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">selection.]</span></i></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The two best examples for understanding yellow color cell
population and color type are Schimmelpennig Platinum and Full Platinum
strains. </span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Schim Plat is a “fixed” trait, likely in complex. Yellow coloration in Schim Plat is comprised
of evenly dispersed punctate cells and areas of collected dendritic cells. Line of decent plays a large role in Schim
Plat composition. Schim Plat is a full
body trait derived from Vienna Emerald Green.
Vienna Emerald Green in turn derived from “wild-type”. Wild-type is comprised of both silver / blue iridophores
and <b>Le </b>in well-defined zones of
regulation. While the Schim Plat has
distinct zones of Le regulation, it is overall a silver / blue iridophore full
body trait. [<b><i>Note:</i></b><i> Schim Plat in outcross often expresses
reduced levels of <b>Mg</b> yellow
coloration in </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">F<sub>1 </sub></span></i><i><span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">offspring. This in itself is suggestive that we should
view <b>Mg</b> not as a “yellow / gold iridophore”,
but rather as a “yellow / gold color pigment trait”. There is limited evidence
pointing to the existence of either red or yellow iridophores.]</span></i><span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #141823; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Full Plat (<b>NiII + Le</b>)
is the product of combination, easily segregated in outcross. The increased expression of <b>Le</b> results from enhancement through
combination with a full body trait; <b>NiII</b>. Yellow coloration in much of the body is
predominantly comprised of evenly dispersed punctate cells over white. Iridophore regulation, while present, is
minimal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In IFGA circles the Micariff does not command the respect of many breeders as having what is needed to produce a fish worthy of competition in show. Many breeders have attempted to do so, with marginal results, and in the end abandoned the process in favor of more reliable traits to produce a Yellow Guppy. Others have incorporated selected traits into existing strains with positive result.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Melanophore reduction will result in increased visibility of color pigmentation; i.e. Blond Yellow or Blond Full Gold appear more yellow than grey counterparts. However, without a corresponding increase in reflective qualities, color may become flatter than grey counterparts. The blond Micariff Guppy is a phenotype that is either loved or hated by individual breeders. It has contained in its genotype in homozygous form the traits needed to produce a Yellow Guppy. Although this is often with corresponding reduction in overall finnage. An outcross can result in near complete loss of yellow color pigment or </span><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Mg</b><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> if you lack an understanding of the genetic composition.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The traits most often favored in production of yellow strains involve combinations of metallic iridophores; Metal Gold (<b>Mg</b>) or Schimmelpennig Platinum (<b>Sc</b>), melanophore reduction or masking; Blond (<b>b</b>) or Albino (<b>a</b>), metal enhancement; Stoerzbach (<b>s</b>) or Full Gold (<b>NiII + Mg</b>), and red color pigment removal; Asian Blau (<b>Ab</b>). Due to the very nature of yellow color pigment interaction with melanophores and iridophores, results while impressive have fallen short of achieving a full Yellow Guppy. By some considered genetically impossible and likely so without the further identification of traits in the future.</span><br />
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While Stoerzbach and Snakeskin are both considered full body traits, it is long known by breeders that neither the combinations of s<b>s</b> + <b>Ssb</b> or <b>Mg</b> + <b>Ssb</b> will in themselves produce a “true” Micariff phenotype. At best each will produce a “co-expression” of either combination not effecting a full body metallic Micariff expression. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Numerous breeders are aware that <span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">F</span><sub style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">1</sub> offspring from either
sex Micariff parents in reciprocal outcross will produce a snakeskin phenotype. This in itself is suggestive of <b>Ssb</b> in
either sex being in a homozygous state. </span>In turn, sib-breeding of <span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">F</span><sub style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">1</sub> stocks will again recombine in subsequent generations to produce Micariff’s with increasing numbers. Here in outcross and re-combination of <b>s</b> and <b>Ssb</b> is where we first see clear evidence of our missing trait.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">In various Micariff phenotypes, you will notice distinct variations in color and pattern. Some are more metallic in nature, while others have higher expression of "flatter" colored leucophores. It is common for autosomal traits to produce partial expression in heterozygous fashion. With high expression of leucophores vs. iridophores a red shoulder stripe is often apparent, especially in blond males. This is often referred to as an "Old Fashioned" shoulder stripe; a by-product of Vienna Emerald influence. When faint lavender colored the result of Purple Body Mutation (<b>Pb</b>). When red, the result of X-link red color pigment. In all cases, there is a direct correlation between increased anterior iridophores and a reduction or complete masking of the shoulder stripe.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Outcross has led to the further development of several other
Micariff phenotypes over the last couple decades by both Domestic Guppy
Breeders and Commercial Farms. Under the
strain names of; Berlin Buttercups, California Golds, German Yellows, Tequila
Sunrise, Sunset Guppy, etc… Each the
result of various states of zygosity involving the original foundation traits
&/or addition of new traits to include;
Half Black (NiII), X-link red color pigment in finnage, Lazuli (Lz), and
Japan Blue<sup> </sup></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Ca)</span><span style="vertical-align: super;">2</span>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sunset’s are the simple product of the
inclusion of X-link red color pigment in heterozygous or homozygous fashion, as
can be demonstrated by breeding results on a Punnett square. They are not the product of a distinct
“Sunset Micariff” allele as has been proposed & promoted by some breeders. Red color pigment was initially infused as a
heterozygous X-linked gene. As result of crossover red color pigment can,
and often of does, become Y-link. </span>Expression in Sunset’s will vary between heterozygous and homozygous state. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Where is our evidence of a full body trait and zygosity impacting
expression of red & yellow color pigment in a Sunset Micariff? It lies in the pattern expressed by the two chromatophores; a clear delineation in co-expression of the red
(erythrophores) and yellow xanthophores).
In most instances yellow color pigment in guppies,
depending upon linkage and zygosity, is epistatic to red. The end product being either yellow or orange
(wild-type orange). In the Sunset
Micariff, while there may be minimal blending of the two color pigments, the
expected result is clear delineation; a repulsion of red away from yellow to
the exterior edges of finnage.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To produce such a result, a “full body” trait is required.
In example: <b>NiII</b> produces a similar repulsion between yellow color pigment and black
melanophores in finnage. Thus, demonstrating its effect as a full body
trait.<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMSDySyNrcw6dkgmA7DPFy05JWKLTvCfHmIaTL0cawJl6X3-IP6ZQspwG1yJq0ujsBbinW584sVK8CEzPgE3lG4HLpkr9nf78i3CI9l4GXjdEnX2X9Xd8lJkbLgW1PUpJgXO-GJFG6qQY/s1600/DSCF4661.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMSDySyNrcw6dkgmA7DPFy05JWKLTvCfHmIaTL0cawJl6X3-IP6ZQspwG1yJq0ujsBbinW584sVK8CEzPgE3lG4HLpkr9nf78i3CI9l4GXjdEnX2X9Xd8lJkbLgW1PUpJgXO-GJFG6qQY/s1600/DSCF4661.JPG" height="220" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Y-link Half Black (NiII), courtesy A. S. Bias</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In further example of pigment repulsion, we have the new “Sunburst Swallow”
phenotype of Asian Breeder Akrawat.
While rather fluid in makeup and expression, it relies on co-expression
of <b>NiII</b> + red & yellow color pigments.
Though he often adds Schimmelpennig Platinum (<b>Sc</b>)<b><sup>3</sup> </b>and <b>Ssb</b> traits to produce further variation. As in the</span> Sunset Micariff, while there may be minimal blending of the two color pigments, the expected result is clear delineation; a repulsion of red color pigment and black melanophores away from yellow to the exterior edges of finnage. In Sunbrust Swallow the full body trait is <b>NiII</b> or Moscow Blau Additional Gene (<b>MBAG</b>). [<i><b>Note:</b> The presence "swallow" trait and not only it's effect on finnage, but also confinement of yellow color pigment between hemirays.</i>]</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunburst Swallow showing red pigment repulsion in both males and females,</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"> courtesy Akrawat Farms.</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Now we are to a point where it is prudent to reveal the missing trait found in Micariff I have been alluding to. Leucophore White (<b>Le</b>) has been
around for a number of years, though seemly overlooked by many. Yet is found in genotype of many solid colored strains and frowned upon for hindering additional color pigment coverage. In example the following photos with minimal expression similar to wild-type.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Albino Full Red, courtesy of Paulo H. Keijock Muiz</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Expanded expression of <b>Le</b> has been known by long-time IFGA breeders as "Parrish White" in the anterior shoulders. In his writing's Phil Shaddock refers to as leucophore body (Le) and leucophore fins (Lef). While independent regulation between body and finnage has long been accepted in general, I am no longer sure this is a valid assumption in general. For some time I have been referring to this trait as “Micariff White” (<b><i>hereafter Leucophore White</i></b>) in the body while in correspondence with fellow breeders in discussing the Micariff strain. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Here is where I will step out on a limb and hope it does not break. To my knowledge not a single "solid" <b>Le</b> body and finnage strain has ever been created that does not also incorporate at least one sex-linked or autosomal "full body" trait. [<i><b>Note:</b> White guppies are normally a combination of; 1. <b>NiII</b> + <b>Le</b>. 2. American Pink White (<b>Pw</b>) and one or more or the following Ivory (<b>Iv</b>) or Asian Blau (<b>Ab</b>) or <b>Sc</b> or <b>s</b>]</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Rather than devote extensive space to speculation and further explanation to <b>Le</b> qualities will simply state; Leucophore White pattern is likely the result of genetic switching in utero. Possibly it is a form of conversion between melanophores and leucophores.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">As can be seen in the following IFGA examples, modification of <b>Le</b> often appears limited to expression in the anterior body. Each of the three males lacks a visible full body trait. IFGA breeders have only been marginally successful in masking anterior <b>Le</b> with inclusion of iridophores by Viridis (<b>Vir</b>), i.e. "blue belly" trait, Full Red body traits or <b>Mg</b> to produce a green cast in the anterior belly / shoulder region. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>(left to right) IFGA Blue, Purple and Green deltas, courtesy of Bryan Chin</i></b>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">In this example an IFGA Gold Delta expresses finnage comprised solely of <b>Le</b>, less addition of <b>Mg </b>and Variegation <b>(Var)</b>. It is a true solid white fin strain encompassing at least two full body traits; <b>b</b> and <b>Pb</b>. Leucophore White is present anteriorly, incompletely masked by <b>Mg</b> and <b>Pb</b>. I like to view <b>Mg</b> as an opportunist; It randomly seeks out regions lacking color pigment from fixed traits. It is amplified by full body traits, to populates large areas in regions comprised of iridophores or modified leucophores.</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Gold Delta, courtesy Bryan Chin</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">In this example a Half Black White (IFGA HB AOC) phenotype is comprised solely of <b>Le</b> in finnage. Or is it limited to finnage? </span><span style="text-align: justify;">It is a true solid white fin strain encompassing a full body trait; <b>NiII</b>. While white coloration of scales on the topline is often simply equated to "platina", it is the result of <b>Le</b> in co-expression with <b>NiII</b>. Platina is easily modified to red, yellow or blue. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Half Black White, courtesy of Ramona Osche</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">The presence of iridophores or leucophores is required to maximize the <b>Mg</b> population and expression. The presence of leucophores is required for maximum yellow color pigment population and expression. The majority of "yellow" found in the bodies and finnage of guppies is the product of <b>Mg</b>. Sex-linked yellow pigment is found in finnage with or without <b>Mg</b>. Few "true" yellow color pigment body traits have been identified in guppies. The two most common in the body are Win<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ge's Vitellinus (<b>Vi</b>) & </span>Cinnamomeus (<b>Ci</b>).<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> They may be found either stand alone or together in various phenotypes. </span></span><br />
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To the HB White we add yellow color pigment & <b>Mg</b> to produce the HB Yellow. [<i><b>Note:</b> Autosomal </i><i><b>Mg</b>,</i><i> considered a flaw in HB White, has proven hard to eliminate in many strains.]</i></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCKqhJwWU4aA1N-qza86Te5K_A_ctZe7toOyCpbTrLqz69JzR4ho2RIPZI3Qh5MUiD-3O8VQnjRFe5zZwmkmVpcTFwPd4JDfnSI-NoullRoSAEfnwOYp5RuzOPecTTYj3rdJMEv3xygnE/s1600/HB+Yello.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCKqhJwWU4aA1N-qza86Te5K_A_ctZe7toOyCpbTrLqz69JzR4ho2RIPZI3Qh5MUiD-3O8VQnjRFe5zZwmkmVpcTFwPd4JDfnSI-NoullRoSAEfnwOYp5RuzOPecTTYj3rdJMEv3xygnE/s1600/HB+Yello.jpg" height="252" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Half Black Yellow, courtesy Bryan Chin</span></i></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Probably the best known example of <b>NiII + Le</b> occurs in the phenotype known as the Albino Full Platinum White. It also encompasses two full body traits; <b>NiII</b> and <b>a</b>.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvLnXdjexMgqFC_680IBNvqP9ijFMLA-6z65btDSAZsbWp8YYiN5JiVHNMpLq89lsv2tOb4hBP4e9Qr0RRrWca1STZcsawgQlZ9kfZJxD6jWGTlG5VXvJVUoIt918qBmqyyXLMNWl9igY/s1600/1510863_329832567157211_393526479_n+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvLnXdjexMgqFC_680IBNvqP9ijFMLA-6z65btDSAZsbWp8YYiN5JiVHNMpLq89lsv2tOb4hBP4e9Qr0RRrWca1STZcsawgQlZ9kfZJxD6jWGTlG5VXvJVUoIt918qBmqyyXLMNWl9igY/s1600/1510863_329832567157211_393526479_n+-+Copy.jpg" height="239" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Albino Full Platinum White male, courtesy Joe Putta</span></i></b></td></tr>
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To this we add <b>Mg</b> and yellow color pigment to create the Full Platinum Gold; <b>NiII + Le + Mg</b>. As in the full white version the addition of a full body trait amplifies <b>Le</b> expression to increase <b>Mg </b>expression. Unlike the full white version lack of pigmentation over <b>Le</b> is more visible on the anterior forehead. Often as a result of no "melanophore pattern" being present near the forehead. Still much variation can be found between individuals in amount of <b>Mg</b> coverage near the shoulders based on traits they contain in their genotype.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_r9A8b9RlMLcVXEVkq1fcTnHFbBJadBKP6PAwzM_C62c8_LEVbf1QloNI8yw_UQbO0DiZEnX2qTusYP4fct4qRc9q5lyeagUWKJGzgCF7vWMTUL6Au_MxyoFxI_3ZvbyPEFOrZw_704c/s1600/11091189_450928625066149_7060001259788963216_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_r9A8b9RlMLcVXEVkq1fcTnHFbBJadBKP6PAwzM_C62c8_LEVbf1QloNI8yw_UQbO0DiZEnX2qTusYP4fct4qRc9q5lyeagUWKJGzgCF7vWMTUL6Au_MxyoFxI_3ZvbyPEFOrZw_704c/s1600/11091189_450928625066149_7060001259788963216_n.jpg" height="213" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Full Platinum Gold, courtesy Jarawee Guppy</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The final example of interactions between melanophore based pattern and <b>Le</b> expression will briefly touch on Half Tuxedo (<b>Ht</b>), also known as Saddleback. The normal expression for <b>Ht</b> is black and white, as shown in the photo below. Expression of yellow is simple the inclusion of Winge's <b>Vi </b>&/or </span><b>Ci</b> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">traits, often amplified by <b>Ht</b>. This demonstrates that <b>Le</b> is not impervious to overlay by a true yellow color pigment trait. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzdaVX6Q8MQ6v8c9YbT3TkKjPjydYjnm8TKpLjS_7JIpPsCP0CnRW_apJQI2NBOKHrv0Zu5NF-JACDyhE8vwE7lyI8IS9_Fq1FhMQCrPdJGumGUgd6Zs1r6hoffHHMGj0XcMyRE7NeKLo/s1600/Winge+-+vitellinus+(Vi).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzdaVX6Q8MQ6v8c9YbT3TkKjPjydYjnm8TKpLjS_7JIpPsCP0CnRW_apJQI2NBOKHrv0Zu5NF-JACDyhE8vwE7lyI8IS9_Fq1FhMQCrPdJGumGUgd6Zs1r6hoffHHMGj0XcMyRE7NeKLo/s1600/Winge+-+vitellinus+(Vi).jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Vitellinus (Vi), Winge, O. (1927)</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQDY2R910piXj8-ggsMJ4A72-Z7b61BM217yN478rZU8wnsqWPRT0eKZj3IjDtIMlpVRzPVztyDqqxCp9bJ5VRUNod2OKwF0C__BpcjA_dIym-rSQi3kR1kz3yqFj5X4p9u5mF_hjQtcM/s1600/Winge+-+cinnamomeus+(picture).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQDY2R910piXj8-ggsMJ4A72-Z7b61BM217yN478rZU8wnsqWPRT0eKZj3IjDtIMlpVRzPVztyDqqxCp9bJ5VRUNod2OKwF0C__BpcjA_dIym-rSQi3kR1kz3yqFj5X4p9u5mF_hjQtcM/s1600/Winge+-+cinnamomeus+(picture).jpg" height="125" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Cinnamomeus (Ci), Winge, O. (1927)</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzVuZCe1RmmpTFAqIcaiDFOyHYWI0Epszuny_TVlehGc0mUtAnie18Uo-kx9NrkABZdE3v0GpvzdKrAX38-eMfYY5Vik4eNq0XT4CycXIGMhK_5QBIPwkYtRf3rvo9dbmJpHpdDyF9sMM/s1600/469280_10151562946629130_1275151556_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzVuZCe1RmmpTFAqIcaiDFOyHYWI0Epszuny_TVlehGc0mUtAnie18Uo-kx9NrkABZdE3v0GpvzdKrAX38-eMfYY5Vik4eNq0XT4CycXIGMhK_5QBIPwkYtRf3rvo9dbmJpHpdDyF9sMM/s1600/469280_10151562946629130_1275151556_o.jpg" height="138" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Cinnamomeus (Ci), courtesy Ronan Boutot</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR8f3Oy3bRcWpFuqy43mO5xQOq3gwhakGT1-wIEUGx2BV-r9lDhWtmx2zc9p3kqoMh8yxSnpy5B0P2wXpBnUZDHBTYbQijirICajg1NFmPwrO5Ekb96JQtMNlqaNV79Sp8eSX6NKHE-Q0/s1600/platinum_half_tuxedo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR8f3Oy3bRcWpFuqy43mO5xQOq3gwhakGT1-wIEUGx2BV-r9lDhWtmx2zc9p3kqoMh8yxSnpy5B0P2wXpBnUZDHBTYbQijirICajg1NFmPwrO5Ekb96JQtMNlqaNV79Sp8eSX6NKHE-Q0/s1600/platinum_half_tuxedo.jpg" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Cinnamomeus (Ci) + Saddleback (Ht) expressing White Leucophore (Le)</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9ZHA59eOLzLwvv8YC0H8JnmqhtajojU2O3BrN_EgG5O3ESRvICT97UwwWteFasgdEK9lQFC22F89uY23t-xjJ9MpcfHMZKMsWT8OS4VUGDih0X3SwR56Zrn8NUI44K7iUPX7mSgzIFYI/s1600/guppys+224.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9ZHA59eOLzLwvv8YC0H8JnmqhtajojU2O3BrN_EgG5O3ESRvICT97UwwWteFasgdEK9lQFC22F89uY23t-xjJ9MpcfHMZKMsWT8OS4VUGDih0X3SwR56Zrn8NUI44K7iUPX7mSgzIFYI/s1600/guppys+224.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Vitellinus (Vi) + Saddleback (Ht),</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"> courtesy Tobias Bernsee</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhkMI1V0AW7qnHLGcNza2TKCmu8a1tOMDIq-bP3TuUUgtCMCAswo_VUKVupIBAd3BlCEtCisCpuWQyE_5GbUjFHyim1Sa55YWDmtIp0AGAJjRqcfaApZLcbkjMgQzMuYaR4v55AO0SK4/s1600/10562965_415809325226201_3066483884422204717_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWhkMI1V0AW7qnHLGcNza2TKCmu8a1tOMDIq-bP3TuUUgtCMCAswo_VUKVupIBAd3BlCEtCisCpuWQyE_5GbUjFHyim1Sa55YWDmtIp0AGAJjRqcfaApZLcbkjMgQzMuYaR4v55AO0SK4/s1600/10562965_415809325226201_3066483884422204717_n.jpg" height="150" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Vitellinus (Vi) + </span><b><i>Cinnamomeus (Ci) + Saddleback (Ht),</i></b></span><br />
<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"> courtesy Akrawat Farm</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></i></b></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiQtQoNtsVff0puvMLkzsVijSZI1WO1lonBntx0UbxO_xIxpY8M0o9k34-GKNd5T-GQaR98L_QUGo85lHqLLEbWaxYPqz9Ir2mi6HJc5RjYqLB4Bb0Up3la9vujWJPzD-B6r4PN6XnN8g/s1600/P6121405-w.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiQtQoNtsVff0puvMLkzsVijSZI1WO1lonBntx0UbxO_xIxpY8M0o9k34-GKNd5T-GQaR98L_QUGo85lHqLLEbWaxYPqz9Ir2mi6HJc5RjYqLB4Bb0Up3la9vujWJPzD-B6r4PN6XnN8g/s1600/P6121405-w.jpg" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Vitellinus (Vi) + </span><b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cinnamomeus (Ci) + Saddleback (Ht), courtesy Akrawat Farm</span> </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leucophore White expression in females, as a distinct pattern trait is harder to gauge. T</span><span style="text-align: left;">he normal wild-type thoratic (chest) cavity
in guppies is lined with a serous membrane with a predominant population of white
leucophores. Silver iridophores, while
present are less visible on the exterior lining, and more so on the interior of
the lining. The translucent nature of
skin structure in Guppies and reduced melanophores, in the form of reticulation, allows
for visibility "beneath the skin". This is also a wild-type trait in response to predation; from below a white belly is less noticeable against the sky. From above a dark topline is less visible against the bottom. Notice the abdomens of the following females. [</span><i><b>NOTE: </b>A
serous membrane has a more complex histology than just leucophores.]</i></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjqVULk4ESiHpV6VM4SCgKVT8qM9Grc016soKg8znZcKOZP6VAW46-6Ch7JS57gxRDc4FNRjCWgwPexXWuYSgv5bebAyBBBxGCuryY8-ny7Dc1kxXIGvTCYVJwccUMhQ4vGsm7UQBV8g/s1600/DSCF3985.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTjqVULk4ESiHpV6VM4SCgKVT8qM9Grc016soKg8znZcKOZP6VAW46-6Ch7JS57gxRDc4FNRjCWgwPexXWuYSgv5bebAyBBBxGCuryY8-ny7Dc1kxXIGvTCYVJwccUMhQ4vGsm7UQBV8g/s1600/DSCF3985.JPG" height="203" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">IFGA Purple delta female, courtesy A.S. Bias</span></i></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: left;">Yet we know</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><b style="text-align: left;">Le</b><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">does express in the finnage and body of females possessing a full body trait such as</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><b style="text-align: left;">NiII</b><span style="text-align: left;">, as found in the three following examples.</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Albino Full Platinum White male, courtesy Joe Putta</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQQPX2ncg8nR1VD8sSf___VBpA4ME3hDAGcd5eJkeCbJe1pk7fgsjTh06ykCSQLAnFkNpj9IVmIP_ZTuhPvsYJncRoZLbMRcgaHnvPivXuVqy2GtjQHv-Gr4XlOnT5IwjIn1m3TNAR7dY/s1600/1545144_333995183407616_1018603088_n+-+Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"></a></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">HB White female, courtesy Benson Liu</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi174qiCsthQfknfF7mS2t3a0Xgxg6vEsFvquSuUcRfBw_h-yqk2qWhqNt3BLjNNXF4MM4L95rKNQKwgfWRoPDNmKSVTJ2NEuf9qmmEo7x1HhzBOXxOqeZCcM_bUUN1pDvx6CAU056dUrU/s1600/7574_229790707161398_415338760_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi174qiCsthQfknfF7mS2t3a0Xgxg6vEsFvquSuUcRfBw_h-yqk2qWhqNt3BLjNNXF4MM4L95rKNQKwgfWRoPDNmKSVTJ2NEuf9qmmEo7x1HhzBOXxOqeZCcM_bUUN1pDvx6CAU056dUrU/s1600/7574_229790707161398_415338760_n.jpg" height="243" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Half Black Blue female, courtesy Joe Putta</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I first
started to take interest in <b>Le</b> during reciprocal outcrosses
involving Micariff going back nearly 15 years.
In an outcross serveral years ago involving a Yellow Micariff male x Vienna
Lowersword females the expected <b>Ssb</b> was produced in <span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">F</span><sub style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;">1</sub>. Of particular interest note that <b>Le </b>remains present in pattern co-expression; <b>Le + Ssb</b>. Also note the extent of coverage. Not only is <b>Le</b> is an integral part of the Micariff phenotype. Without it's presence in genotype the Micariff would not exist.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMNExQnpckFU3VUs5tuyVZS2bgkHN42eFonGlv0-HXTbhNNBp9UnUhs6dTvyfyzN3TML1Kh9rch8L4dlQnHs1zMQPLwrB4ajFXtzdSVBhci5v0NyluvvNjK9pBDC50NQQQeGjoYN99a5M/s1600/IMG_7949.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMNExQnpckFU3VUs5tuyVZS2bgkHN42eFonGlv0-HXTbhNNBp9UnUhs6dTvyfyzN3TML1Kh9rch8L4dlQnHs1zMQPLwrB4ajFXtzdSVBhci5v0NyluvvNjK9pBDC50NQQQeGjoYN99a5M/s1600/IMG_7949.JPG" height="264" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>F1 Micariff x Vienna Lowersword, courtesy A.S. Bi</i></b>as</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">In most strains a leucophore pattern is partially masked. We are only provided a glimpse of it's full expression. In Joe Putta's Albino </span><span style="text-align: justify;">Cherry Pink Grass strain we are afforded a view of the extended pattern coverage with melanophores eliminated, and expressing <b>Le</b>. [<i><b>Note:</b> A</i></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><i>lbino guppy mutants eliminate melanin rather than reduce the size or number of melanophores. Blond will reduce the size and number or melanophores.]</i></span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Albino Cherry Pink Grass, courtesy Joe Putta</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; text-align: justify;">When melanin is present, it is the same as grey Cherry Pink Grass and Blue Grass (Asian Blau Grass). </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbz4JMvxkTXv6LBuQNk9Rdr8oqnSSvtFwDokTsMItneqZ8gl-QPJ8JTPaVbwUahhZYa10w3E2GTKMca97wNsITz2_sGvX9XluE7fc4UXFU22_d6X-IlB3vLUpUFmuE8gOPVLrHbfYWZEc/s1600/59766_209818155825320_1825187621_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbz4JMvxkTXv6LBuQNk9Rdr8oqnSSvtFwDokTsMItneqZ8gl-QPJ8JTPaVbwUahhZYa10w3E2GTKMca97wNsITz2_sGvX9XluE7fc4UXFU22_d6X-IlB3vLUpUFmuE8gOPVLrHbfYWZEc/s1600/59766_209818155825320_1825187621_n.jpg" height="251" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Grey Cherry Pink Grass, courtesy Joe Putta</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some years back Russian breeder Vladimir Storozchev produced an intriguing phenotype known as “Marlboro Guppy” that lacks <b>Mg</b>. While this phenotype is comprised of numerous traits, the one that stands out in particular is <b>Le</b>. Here also is one of the few phenotypes to expose the extent of a <b>Le</b> pattern without also incorporating <b>Mg</b>, as found in the Micariff.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Ti_hj5bViBYLnV9pEf3kjW3nqjJ8bzBGYXDs5yHVat9wB1HkXD1spRSpq0z4O54c4sz719ZiXBozluxyz6FVc_yw6Ry4bf8R5X_xYpAHohNv4hHt9HzwfxeTxuJWhVMV49LiXepKKDA/s1600/Marlboro+Guppy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1Ti_hj5bViBYLnV9pEf3kjW3nqjJ8bzBGYXDs5yHVat9wB1HkXD1spRSpq0z4O54c4sz719ZiXBozluxyz6FVc_yw6Ry4bf8R5X_xYpAHohNv4hHt9HzwfxeTxuJWhVMV49LiXepKKDA/s1600/Marlboro+Guppy.jpg" height="206" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Marlboro Guppy, bred by <span style="text-align: justify;">Vladimir Storozchev</span></span></i></b><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></span></div>
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In the KOI phenotype we see an above average expression of <b>Le</b>. Normally most <b>Le</b> is masked, except for the lower abdoman, as found in the parental Full Red strain. Full Red being comprised of a mixture of both full body and localized red traits. All of which are not found in the KOI, though males typically still express more anterior shoulder or peduncle red. To which breeders are continually infusing additional red traits from other red strains and producing variants on the initial KOI expression.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbvGu9vi4CwSa-RrssS4rqAXCWyTk3LfQc91Bet-6F6LVzWvNg979Txnfj1mj5qGxy3pd2osanfq0PWyudmOSO2DcN-7PbkC-qf42N3WdvzaziyeNPV6VTzuz1eFPKmn14T3viAFO4nBA/s1600/Teng+KOI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbvGu9vi4CwSa-RrssS4rqAXCWyTk3LfQc91Bet-6F6LVzWvNg979Txnfj1mj5qGxy3pd2osanfq0PWyudmOSO2DcN-7PbkC-qf42N3WdvzaziyeNPV6VTzuz1eFPKmn14T3viAFO4nBA/s1600/Teng+KOI.jpg" height="223" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">KOI females, courtesy of David Teng</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Over the last
several years I have been discussing and following the breeding’s of Carl
Groenewegen’s X-linked Schimmelpennig Platinum’s; i.e. Royal Platinum’s. His Royal Platinum’s were started from a
foundation male obtained at a local fish store.
Pedigree unknown, he was a very iridescent male expressing <b>NiII</b>. When bred to Carl’s linebred blond red tail females he
produced the F1 the male below. Hidden
beneath most of his color and pattern was a trait almost overlooked, Leucophore White. <i> </i></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">F1 male, courtesy Carl Groenewegen</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Notice the white expressing in his belly and towards the peduncle. Also white platina in topline scales and
those at the peduncle base. This F1
male e</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">xpresses <b>NiII</b> + <b>Le</b> + <b>Sc</b>. If I did not
know his descendants, might think him simply a Full Platinum </span>(<b>NiII + Mg</b>) in grey body. <b>Sc</b> expression is not limited to shoulder
pattern, but has full body effect into finnage.
It amplifies <b>Mg </b>and<b> Le</b>, as does <b>NiII</b>. <i> </i></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: justify;">Intially masked by <b>NiII</b>, Carl was able to isolate out <b>Ssb</b>, <b>s</b>, and <b>Mg</b> in later breeding’s in co-expression with <b>Sc</b> as X &/or Y-link. In each case <b>Le</b> is also visible to varying degrees. Examples of each below. </span></span><br />
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<b><i><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">All photos courtesy Carl Groenewegen</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With continued breeding’s <b>Le</b> was also isolated
in conjunction with <b>Sc</b>, and improved upon to produce the Royal Platinum males below. </span>I find the Royal
Platinum phenotype to be unique not only in its combination; X &/or Y-link <b>Sc + Le</b>, but also the overall degree of <b>Le</b> expression amplified by <b>Sc</b>. I have not seen this combination from other
breeders. Though, <b>s + Le</b> in co-expression are fairly
common.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXOa-KNiJ6kRg1FMD7LZSUPXuMzboz2TY4e-CuecKMS6A7Bxz4yipF_ENS7D5aChNc-eA7mZX-_qpCQhW4Eum63TXP1-Bi7CAIp3dCAA8UBonZUJs13ZKnZW6SXYVaDZG1-rZ_MTauc40/s1600/10313471_878387628854845_8155097982618618926_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXOa-KNiJ6kRg1FMD7LZSUPXuMzboz2TY4e-CuecKMS6A7Bxz4yipF_ENS7D5aChNc-eA7mZX-_qpCQhW4Eum63TXP1-Bi7CAIp3dCAA8UBonZUJs13ZKnZW6SXYVaDZG1-rZ_MTauc40/s1600/10313471_878387628854845_8155097982618618926_n.jpg" height="295" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Royal Platinum strain in co-expression with Leucophore White, courtesy Carl Groenewegen</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though he appears to be non-metallic and heterozgyous for Stoerzbach, after multiple generations when required traits were
recombined, a Micariff Sunset was produced. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9PKui1I4QkYN7c-FcarfRHqQ45nd9NpTJk4jsf_vNmgNd5IOyADjjpfl8DwCm14cq0dfFH8cLWaDMRXhys6mJ-HatAsweRLBWLl4xlubXbQ9MoHzM41nCIjLMd94a34DGHIqUWudFAk/s1600/Carl+G+-+micariff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-9PKui1I4QkYN7c-FcarfRHqQ45nd9NpTJk4jsf_vNmgNd5IOyADjjpfl8DwCm14cq0dfFH8cLWaDMRXhys6mJ-HatAsweRLBWLl4xlubXbQ9MoHzM41nCIjLMd94a34DGHIqUWudFAk/s1600/Carl+G+-+micariff.jpg" height="167" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Micariff reconstructed from stand alone traits, by Carl Groenwegen</span></b></i></td></tr>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Summary:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To restate my hypothesis: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Mg</i></b>, <b><i>s</i></b>, <b><i>Ssb</i></b> all in homozygous state, and a “<b><i>missing trait</i></b>” are required to produce the original metallic Micariff phenotype in full body expression. That this missing trait is required in conjunction with Steorzbach (<b>s</b>) a "full body" trait acting as a precursor to effect metallic Micariff phenotype in both body and finnage. As a result two actual expressions are commonly produced when Stoerzbach is lacking or in heterozygous form; metallic and non-metallic.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Micariff phenotype
is very similar to the Schimmelpennig Platinum phenotype. Each</span><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #141823; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> has
distinct zones of Le regulation, yet overall both are a silver / blue
iridophore full body trait. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lacking any one of these traits (<b><i>Mg</i></b>, <b><i>s</i></b>, <b><i>Ssb</i></b>
) may produce a similar expression, but at best is of “Micariff” type and not
truly a metallic Micariff as originally created on the island of Sri Lanka.
Analysis of photos and breeder records, while not definitive, does lend
credence. <b>Le </b>and<b> s </b>are
both integral parts of Micariff composition. <b>Le</b> is not simply a trait resistant to pigmentation and a hindrance
to full yellow coloration. [<b><i>Note:</i></b><i> The last
observation can be made for the Full Gold Platinum phenotype.</i>]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">To prove this supposition conclusive, two approaches could be
taken: 1. Reciprocal outcrosses using a pedigree
Micariff strain, followed by further sib-breeding, backcrosses, and
outcrosses. The resulting data could
analyzed and the needed ratio’s obtained to verify composition.
2. Utilize the suggested stand-alone
traits comprising pedigree Micariff as found in random stocks. Then attempt to recreate the Micariff
phenotype over multiple generations, as did Carl Groenwegen, with documentation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Steorzbach (<b>s</b>) and Metal Gold (<b>Mg</b>) are autosomal and thus recombine independently from the sex-linked
genes. It seems likely that they also recombine independently
from each other as well. <b>Ssb, Le</b> and <b>NiII</b> are all sex linked genes.
Recombination frequencies between them <u>may</u> allow mapping to be done, but
they will each recombine independently with <b>s</b> and <b>Mg</b>. The most efficient method
for separating the three sex linked genes from each other and thereby
demonstrating their independent existence would be by reciprocal crossing
Micaraff to a strain that lacks all three of these genes, and then test
crossing the F<sub>1</sub> back to the test strain lacking these genes. This
would allow the mapping of the three genes as well as showing their presence.
If the reciprocal cross uses a strain that lacks all 5 genes, that would be
even better, but probably not necessary</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
either case, it would require extensive use of tanks and time…</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
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</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><u>Acknowledgments </u></b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Richard
Squire, Ph. D. (Genetics), Retired Full Professor of Biology, University of
Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus. For his
suggestions, technical edits and proof reading of this article.<span style="font-size: x-small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Foot Notes:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>1.</b> Stoerzbach described
by Kempkes (2007) as autosomal recessive Metallicus (Me).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>2</b>. Japan Blue
described by Kempkes (2007) as Y-link Caeruleus (Ca).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>3.</b> Schimmelpennig
Platinum described by Kempkes (2006) described as Y-link Buxeus ( ). <i>No putative notation suggested by author
resulting from incomplete breeding results.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br />
<b>Genetic Notations:</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Albino (<b>a</b>)</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">American Pink White (</span><b style="text-align: justify;">Pw</b><span style="text-align: justify;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Asian Blau (<b>Ab</b>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">Blond (<b>b</b>)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Cinnamomeus (</span><b style="text-align: justify;">Ci</b><span style="text-align: justify;">)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">Full Gold (<b>NiII + Mg</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Half Black (<b>NiII</b>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">Japan Blue / Aquamarine (<b>A</b>)
/ Caeruleaus (<b>Ca</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">Lazuli (<b>Lz</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 115%;">Leucophore White (<b>Le</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Metal Gold (</span><b><i>Mg</i></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Moscow Blau Additional Gene (<b>MBAG</b>)</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">American Pink White (<b>Pw</b>)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">Ivory (<b>Iv</b>)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Purple Body Mutation (<b>Pb</b>)</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Schimmelpennig Platinum (<b>Sc</b>)</span>
/ Buxeus ( ) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Snakeskin Body (</span><b><i>Ssb</i></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Snakeskin Tail (</span><b><i>Sst</i></b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Stoerzbach</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(<b><i>s</i></b>) / Metallicus (<b>Me</b>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Variegation </span><b style="text-align: justify;">(Var)</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Viridis (<b>Vir</b>)</span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Vitellinus (</span><b style="text-align: justify;">Vi</b><span style="text-align: justify;">)</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: xx-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Arnheim, R. (1969), Visual thinking. Berkeley; Univ of CA Press.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.9987621307373px;">BAGNARA JT (1958), Hypophyseal control of guanophores in anuran larvae. </span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 21.9987621307373px;"><span class="ref-journal">J Exp Zool. </span>1958 Mar;<span class="ref-vol">137</span>(2):265–283. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Bagnara, JT (1968), The Dermal Chromatophore Unit, J Cell Biol., v. 38(1); 1968 Jul 1, PMC2107474.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Grasseni, C (2004), Skilled vision. An apprenticeship in breeding Aesthetics, Social Anthropology (2004), 12, 1, pgs. 41-55.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Grasseni, C (2005), Designer Cow: The Practice of Cattle Breeding Between Skill and Standardization, Society & Animals, 13:1.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Grether, G (2004), Individual colour patches as multi component signals, Biol. Rev. (2004), 79, pp. 583-610.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kempkes, M (2007), New colour genes in the guppy, Poecilia
reticulate (Peters, 1859), Bulletin of Fish Biology, Vol. 9, Nos. 1 / 2,
15.12.2007, pgs. 93-97.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kempkes, M (2006), Buxeus, a new colour in the guppy,
Poecilia reticulate Peters, 1859 (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes), Zeitschrift
fur Fischkunde, Vol. 8, Nos. 1 / 2, 15.10.2006, pgs. 99-100.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: x-small;">Shaddock, P (2012), Guppy Mutations Under the Microscope, August,
2012, ISBN: 978-0-986570-2-5, Published
by Pocket Cine, Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Khalid, </span><a href="http://yellowguppy.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://yellowguppy.com/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">. Last checked
3.24.15. <b><i>Note: </i></b><i>Some
photo links broken.</i></span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-65790100490362332692015-03-02T00:41:00.000-05:002015-03-02T00:41:25.833-05:00Working With Autosomal Traits; their impact on phenotypes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>Working With Autosomal Traits;</u></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u>their impact on phenotype</u></b></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Heterozygous Asian Blau (Ab) Heterozygous Stoerzbach (s) Vienna Lowersword</b></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-small;">Permission granted
for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit
for learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Basic swordtails are typically comprised of Roundtail (Rndt)
+ Lower Sword (Ls) / Double Sword (Ds) / Top Sword (Ts). Some Ds strains commonly incorporate the
addition of Speartail (Sp) and express as Triple Swords. It is common knowledge that Pigmentierte Caudalis (Cp) + Ds / Ls / Ts =
Broadtails in various configurations. What do these traits have in common? They are all considered sex-linked.</div>
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Autosomal traits are most often discussed in relationship to their
effects on body colors &/or pattern. In turn, have been used to create a host of both new phenotypes and variations upon old over the last two decades by breeders who work beyond the limitations often imposed by show standards. Control of traits in body and finnage is generally considered to be
separate and distinct. But this distinction
is not always written in stone.</div>
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The addition
of "full body" autosomal traits can alter expected caudal phenotypes
in conjunction with other autosomal &/or sex-link traits for finnage. In example, the following Stoerzbach (s)
male: At first glance he looks to be
expressing both a small delta tail and a lower sword at the same time. In reality, his caudal phenotype is the
product of: Ls + Ts + s. Not Cp + Ds.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-o4Tu_TRDulXV1pkbZGHkGSl5ShkTgsW_E5KteL3PQwQtS2C1AfGKfW3DPdl2kpXA5Kln7cLJHThZrCICAeHo7J8f7wyVFAt1X4p4KQASHeP2fnHHBtOcYuJddW1upwvPK13v8Qsv1tA/s1600/DSCF5382.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-o4Tu_TRDulXV1pkbZGHkGSl5ShkTgsW_E5KteL3PQwQtS2C1AfGKfW3DPdl2kpXA5Kln7cLJHThZrCICAeHo7J8f7wyVFAt1X4p4KQASHeP2fnHHBtOcYuJddW1upwvPK13v8Qsv1tA/s1600/DSCF5382.JPG" height="200" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Homozygous Stoerzbach Vienna Lowersword<br /> with X & Y-links for yellow color pigment in finnage</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Homozygous Stoerzbach Vienna Lowersword<br /> with X & Y-links for yellow color pigment in finnage</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOuvqj05l21ckYGDhAQqqW-JY6RrxurAukEK7x2lXaJZvs3vpRnFOAeUXrWlHD2trcJm_VjR5bRBXyRidD6vMvoiCAbK1JLE3tQU6EeQ-NTTrtk0GA1RHECp8QDltUyOatCYrfKUNJ_g8/s1600/DSCF5395.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOuvqj05l21ckYGDhAQqqW-JY6RrxurAukEK7x2lXaJZvs3vpRnFOAeUXrWlHD2trcJm_VjR5bRBXyRidD6vMvoiCAbK1JLE3tQU6EeQ-NTTrtk0GA1RHECp8QDltUyOatCYrfKUNJ_g8/s1600/DSCF5395.JPG" height="241" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Homozygous Stoerzbach Vienna Lowersword<br /> with X & Y-links for yellow color pigment in finnage</b></td></tr>
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Want to learn more about <b>autosomal </b>trait interactions and resultant phenotypes produced through Additive
Variation, Dominance Variation, and Epistasis Variation? Plan on attending the 18th World Guppy Contest in Tampa, Florida on
Sept. 3-7, 2015.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPLBH-MP0z3sDuzNWI3tPO-lbQyML8_-FnUULFpJcTdAW-oiPcjLEYrjm5RsCzc0xtr0v_IT4_QWXIcIyLb0aVGlaP0O3B8jPvCQ0L4dYXWjlKVFR3duylFlsUG6AGUncP5smHha9iifo/s1600/Tampa+Banner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPLBH-MP0z3sDuzNWI3tPO-lbQyML8_-FnUULFpJcTdAW-oiPcjLEYrjm5RsCzc0xtr0v_IT4_QWXIcIyLb0aVGlaP0O3B8jPvCQ0L4dYXWjlKVFR3duylFlsUG6AGUncP5smHha9iifo/s1600/Tampa+Banner.jpg" height="200" width="400" /></a></div>
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From initial indications, commitment by world renowned Domestic Guppy Breeders for personal attendance &/or show entries is high. Here is your chance to meet & interact with those breeders you follow, and see the exceptional results of their dedicated breeding programs in person.</div>
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For further information on reservations, show entries & classes, presentations & tour schedule, or advance purchase of tickets: <a href="http://www.18thworldguppycontest2015.com/">http://www.18thworldguppycontest2015.com/</a></div>
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<b>Show Seasons around the world are getting ready to start.</b></div>
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<b>Support the efforts of those who take time out of their lives to put them on.</b></div>
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<b> Send a couple entries. You might be surprised with your results.</b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-86731835729383066122014-12-14T22:44:00.000-05:002014-12-14T22:44:04.212-05:00When Does Maintaining A Strain Become Redundant?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>When Does Maintaining A Strain Become Redundant?</b></h2>
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© Alan S. Bias<br />Permission granted
for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit
for learning purposes only.<br /><o:p> </o:p><st1:date day="26" month="12" w:st="on" year="2011">December 14, 2014</st1:date></h4>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Heterozygous Stoerzbach (s) Asian Blau (Ab) Vienna Lowersword<br /><div style="text-align: left;">
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<st1:date day="26" month="12" w:st="on" year="2011">At some point in time many serious Domestic Guppy breeders are faced with a similar situation presented in the title of this article. No, I'm not talking about the two often asked questions leading to tank creep; <i>"do I have too many strains or not enough tanks?"</i> Yet if you can satisfactorily answer the question for yourself in regards to what follows, the answer may lend a hand in solving both of the prior questions for you as a breeder. In turn it can strengthen your breeding program and help achieve desired results. </st1:date>To start you must first have a definition of what is a breeding strain and what is a breeding line within your strain.</div>
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You should view a strain as a collection of genetic traits in a long-term breeding project with a set specific result. In general a breeding strain can be defined as a related group of genetics that breed true for desired traits. This result can be as simple as a grey bodied Half Black Red Delta tail guppy. Breeding lines within this strain can be selected and maintained for various individual traits dealing with; size, longevity, pattern, color density / intensity, dorsal / caudal shape, fecundity to name a few. In established practice found within the strain are multiple breeding lines for short term breeding projects which focus on maintenance, improvement or incorporation of additional genetic traits through out-cross.</div>
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But what happens when you seek to broaden your personal definition of a strain by the addition of additional sex-link or autosomal traits? Does this in turn dictate the need for maintenance of isolated breeding lines or creation of new independent strains? Show stanadards and personal preference aside, if you visit or follow enough breeding programs of successful breeders one thing becomes apparent. That being, they tend to work with compatible traits. Traits that can be used across strains allowing a breeder to <b><i>"outcross from within"</i></b> their own breeding's.</div>
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This is a common concept across breeds in all forms of pedigree livestock breeding. Often the primary limitation being the size of your breeding program; or more accurately the total number of like individuals you maintain within your breeding program. It is not uncommon for larger breeding programs to remain <i>"closed"</i> for many generations. They have the population numbers to do so, or work closely with others having similar goals as <i>"co-operator"</i> breeding programs. The rare exception of addition of outside genetics only arising when: 1. A desired trait cannot be identified within your stocks, 2. Outside addition will speed up desired results, 3. Level of in-breeding co-efficient has reached a point to be of concern, as evidenced by a reduction in performance.</div>
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In my own breeding program the addition of outside genetics rarely occurs, and is limited to addition of traits not already found from within. For each fixed strain, I generally maintain only two breeding lines. The first consists of a blond * blond breeding and the second a grey * blond/grey breeding. This should not be taken to mean I only retain offspring from two breeding's per linear generation. As is often the case I set up multiple breeding groups of each line per generation at 3-5 months of age. As the individuals mature continued culling will further identify those fish that truly excel in specific traits. Depending upon the breeding group I may retain fry only from initial drops if breeder development is marginal, and prefer to retain litters from those that excel for as long as the breeding groups remains intact.</div>
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Individuals that excel are often removed from a particular breeding group and used in back-cross to F1/F2/F3 sons and daughters. They may even be bred to F1/F2/F3 nieces and nephews. The thing to keep in mind is that in all instances, the results of these breeding's are simply considered <i>"breeding lines within the parent strain."</i></div>
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In general my Vienna Lowersword strain encompasses many traits; Blond (b), Metal (Mg), Golden (gg), Asian Blau (Ab), Emerald (VEG), Purple Body Mutation (Pb), Albino (a), Tigrinus (Ti), Zebrinus (Ze), Stoerzbach (s), Viridis (Vir), Moscow Blau Additional Gene (MBAG), Japan Blue (JB), Lazuli (Lz), sex-linked yellow & red color pigment, blue peduncle, many of O. Winge's identified color / pattern traits, and several others for autosomal </div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">fragmentary snakeskin, irridophore base. Part of the numerous phenotypical expression resulting from combinations of the foregoing traits are shown below.</span></div>
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In general, my breeding records are very simplistic and would be considered non-existent by some breeders standards. I breed by eye and base my selection near exclusively on observations of current individuals being considered for progression of the strain and knowledge of individual sex-link, autosomal and other heritable traits. I record unique or specific traits in sires or dams selected for breeding. Finding that I rarely, if ever, reference recorded records. The exception being when I am trying to fix or analyze a trait based on ratios. Generally, the tag on my tanks is identical to what is recorded in my log. In example: <b>558 LS A F3 12.14.14</b> <i>(litter #, strain, line, generation, date of birth). </i>This allows me to backtrack successes and failures with minimal effort and little time keeping records.</div>
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So herein lies my personal dilemma. One that has been on my mind for over a year. For the past 5 years I have been maintaining my Bias Vienna Lowersword strain in two distinct breedings. Not quite two distinct strains, but more akin to <i>"Super Lines"</i> within the strain. Strain 1** consisting of the genetic base I started 15 years ago while still in Montana. After relocating to West Virginia six years ago, Strain 1 was restarted from a single female and several males re-obtained from Virginia breeder Gabriel Niculesu. Having had sent Gabriel a box of fish just before moving. Strain 2 consisting of a blended genetic base of Strain 1 and stocks of my late Swordtail breeder friend Dick Johnson. The basis of Strain 2 was created and obtained from my late Swordtail breeder friend Tom Harrell, also when I relocated 6 years ago. <i><b>Pass your stocks around, you never know when you will need them back...</b></i></div>
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Over the past 5 years I have routinely outcrossed Strain 2 males to Strain 1 females, but never the reciprocal. In reality, for very little reason. Strain one is both X and Y-link sex-linked for yellow color pigment in finnage. It has no sex-linkage for red color pigment. Strain 2 still has a single sex-link for red color pigment that routinely crosses back and forth from X to Y linkage. Normally on a single sex-link it is not always visible, as yellow color pigment is epistatic to red. </div>
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The red sex-link is easy to select against as males Y-link for red and X-link for yellow are orange. However, being color-tail neutral, when females posses a single X-link for red they remain hidden in the breeding pool. The latter is very hard to irradiate in a breeding program based on propagation of yellow finnage. So, in the end I decided to maintain both gene pools as distinct entities; Strains 1 & 2.</div>
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After five years both strains have nearly identical potential in phenotypical output, less the occasional orange dorsal in males. This in part as I have been incorporating additional outside traits into each strain and making similar selections for existing traits. End result? Two strains of near identical capabilities, each with individual strengths and weaknesses, taking up 60+ tanks. Both strains were so convergent, I was beginning to spend more time and resources trying to maintain the two strains verses making improvements to either. </div>
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So this morning after water changes I accomplished in quick order what I had been procrastinating about for over a year. I drew a line in my notebook and made a note stating, <i>"Ceased Concept of Strain 1 and Strain 2 12.14.14." </i>A hard choice to make, but easy to act upon once made. Old labels came off the tanks, and were replaced with new only indicating breeding line A or B. In the long-term it will allow me to concentrate on a single strain based solely on observation and breeding results, not dual maintenance and retention of often inferior results in one or the other strain. In the short-term it allowed for the immediate culling of inferior individuals, elimination or combing of duplicate existing breeding groups.</div>
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Going forward, my Lowersword strain will again mimic that of my other Doublesword and Topsword strains. Now it is a matter of only tracking multiple Line A blond * blond and Line B grey * grey/blond breeding's. Selection and retention can again be based on observation and results. In my case the breeding of two similar strains had become redundant. To the point of becoming detrimental to both strains...</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>1st Place, Kettering England 10.9.14 (Photo Courtesy Joe Mason)<br /><br /></b></td></tr>
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<b><u>Further Reading</u></b></div>
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** See: <a href="http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2011/02/creating-strain-of-vienna-emerald.html">http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2011/02/creating-strain-of-vienna-emerald.html</a></div>
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or IFGA Bulletin, Oct., 2011; Creating a Strain of Vienna Emerald Swords.</div>
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<b>Keep your records simple and concise. Record </b><b>inputs for selection of traits found in your sires and dams. When possible avoid breeding "paper fish", instead b</b><b>ase your culling and breeding's on observation and results. Unless you are working with a new trait and require concise ratios, you may find it serves little purpose in recording every minute detail...</b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-2524867626553837942014-08-31T02:52:00.000-04:002014-08-31T02:52:52.968-04:00Phenotypical Expressions Within My Panda Moscow Strain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u>Phenotypical Expressions </u></b><b><u>Within My Panda Moscow Strain</u></b></h2>
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© Alan S. Bias 2014<o:p></o:p></div>
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Permission granted
for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit
for learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>For nearly 15 years</b> I have maintained Panda Moscow's. My current strain being about 5 years old and of no relation to prior breeding's. I find it much more rewarding to create my own strain vs. obtaining an existing from another breeders. It is comprised of the basic Moscow (Mw) + Pink (Pk) traits with additional autosomal traits for Purple Body Mutation (Pb), Golden "IFGA Bronze" (gg), Blond "IFGA Gold" (bb), Metal Gold (Mg), Zebrinus (Ze) and Snakeskin Body (Ssb).</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1vPi6wCP-ooT543tSUJtfStJomlKgolKnrZVHPi-ZkV7JxZ9xe5rt9nW0Qji0zBuKeqBiHH5sJmasBgNFguWW8n_9K546mp8jatiXMNmlIZ2kVKXPpMVoihs8JRHAa2_u9m634PDBzoA/s1600/DSCF0242.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1vPi6wCP-ooT543tSUJtfStJomlKgolKnrZVHPi-ZkV7JxZ9xe5rt9nW0Qji0zBuKeqBiHH5sJmasBgNFguWW8n_9K546mp8jatiXMNmlIZ2kVKXPpMVoihs8JRHAa2_u9m634PDBzoA/s1600/DSCF0242.JPG" height="252" width="320" /></a><st1:date day="26" month="12" w:st="on" year="2011">One of my favorite expressions is this type male with a very "clean white" anterior comprised of highly reflective leucophores. Like most Panda, he is highly motile for color in both anterior shoulders and posterior peduncle. What makes him stand out from other males with white shoulders is a near complete lack of blue iridophores & </st1:date>Metal Gold (Mg) in the shoulders. Also, notice he lacks the expected black eyes and melanophore expression around his eyes.</div>
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Golden Panda take the term "motile" to the extreme. At times when flashing can appear nearly as dark and solid colored as those males lacking the trait. With the addition of Mg they are quite reflective. One interesting fact about golden, at least in my experience, is I have yet to produce a male that does not also express Ze or Ssb. Yet, based on outcross, I do not believe gg and either Ze or Ssb are linked in complex. Upon outcross of Panda males both Y-link Ssb & Y-link Mw are always passed to F1 sons. With homzgyous gg panda, the co-expression of gg + Ze / Ssb is most visible at the onset of sexual-maturity, but less prevalent at physical maturity when color & pattern are at their peak.</div>
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There is a direct correlation in overall appearance of Panda males based on: 1. Additional infusion of sex-linked melanophores, 2. Presence of non-motile "Midnight Gene", 3. Hierarchical status of individual male(s) in the pecking order. Like most strains, Panda Moscow, are no different in that the most dominant or several top dominant males are always the most intensely colored.</div>
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While I have always enjoyed working with Moscow genetics, one of the benefits I find in raising Panda Moscow, as compared to their delta counterparts, is the epistatic relationship between Mw and Pk resulting in roundtails. This is easily strengthened with the addition of true roundtail genetics to perfect the caudal shape if your wish. Lacking a large broadtail there is no fin nipping or resulting bacterial disease issues. Males remain virile and active for a year and a half or more, similar to my perennial favorite Swordtail strains. Like most long-lived strains, they are also much slower growing and take their time to fully mature. So, it is often wise to refrains from selecting your breeders at too early and age.</div>
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If you pay attention to the dorsal's and caudal's in the examples I have presented you will notice several configurations of each. Like most of my strains I keep the general makeup very fluid in nature to preserve some diversity of type. Saves alot of time and tank space that would otherwise be needed to decode the various linkages associated with each. By taking this route I have little need in determining which traits are simply in combination with others and those which are linked in unbreakable complexes.</div>
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Next time your looking for something a little different give often overlooked Panda Moscow a try.</div>
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For those of you interested in learning more about the genetics of the Panda Moscow phenotype, you may wish to read: <a href="http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2012/11/a-discussion-of-pink-moscow-panda.html">http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2012/11/a-discussion-of-pink-moscow-panda.html</a></div>
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<b>Many thanks to those IFGA club members and volunteers</b></div>
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<b> who donated their time </b><b> to put on 2014 shows</b></div>
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<b> and make for a successful show year.</b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-13249317042331407922014-07-05T18:57:00.001-04:002014-07-05T18:57:29.683-04:00New X-link Vienna Double Sword Strain<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>I have been working</b> up a new X-linked Vienna Double Sword (DS) strain since last summer. A primary goal being to establish a new strain with thicker swords in matching yellow caudal and dorsal that will compete under IFGA auspices. Starting the strain with my Vienna Lower Sword (LS) males and imported Lazuli Double Sword (DS) females, X-linked for Double Sword trait, from Benson Liu. So all Y-links and male autosomal inputs for color and pattern derive solely from LS males. In the F1 initial X-links and female autosomal inputs for color and pattern derive from the imported DS females. As I expected F1 phenotype pretty much resembled the various Vienna type found in my LS strain, retaining a percentage of Asian Blau (Ab) and Purple Body Mutation (Pb). This came about by utilizing Asian Blau LS foundation sires with Pb in genotype. Benson's Lazuli DS strain also incorporates Pb, so this allowed for a high percentage of Pb in the F1. <br />
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Unlike crosses involving my Vienna LS and European DS, all F1 offspring were DS. In the F2 they again segregated out into an equal ratio of 50/50. Thus, indicating foundation females were homozygous for X-link DS trait.<br />
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In many F1 males there was a noticeable reduction in the amount of autosomal spotting and fragmentary snakeskin traits I have concentrated in my LS. But overall, barring expressed at a high rate as both parental strains possessed in makeup. Many grey body F1 males had an increase in large black melanophore spotting as seen in the following male.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ssrtc3EABxCY2uXE9bHpCaQe-90YyVbgyL0gBve51is4ZHKxq9g2sjH6YeOOMo_QQkDNoAlIlNloVZ3jndZ-qhGd4moJ8ZMDOEzn1o3CFftMeCjw6cKEOFD7IgSsud8dhzW9yxeqe9E/s1600/DSCF3614.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><b><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_ssrtc3EABxCY2uXE9bHpCaQe-90YyVbgyL0gBve51is4ZHKxq9g2sjH6YeOOMo_QQkDNoAlIlNloVZ3jndZ-qhGd4moJ8ZMDOEzn1o3CFftMeCjw6cKEOFD7IgSsud8dhzW9yxeqe9E/s1600/DSCF3614.JPG" height="400" width="353" /></b></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F1 Bias Vienna LS * Benson Liu Lazuli DS</b></td></tr>
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Having imported several grey and blond DS strains from Benson, I prior produced offspring from each to get a feel for the genetic makeup of the females. Initially finding them to have very strong X-link for DS, and what seemed to be weaker X-link for color & pattern, minimal Metal Gold (Mg) and unknown's for autosomal traits.<br />
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Based on initial breeding I suspected that females were commonly used across the various Asian DS strains I had obtained; Vienna, Schimmelpennig Platinum and Lazuli. With many offspring showing only white caudal / dorsal color or lacking color. The latter seeming too be common in many Asian Swordtail strains.<br />
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Rather than quickly progressing several generations into F2-3-4 and beyond with my new cross and re-enforcing these weak traits for coloration in finnage, I decided to stick with some lateral breedings in the F2-3. This in attempt to see what I could recombine from foundation sire X & Y-links, foundation dam X-links and autosomal traits of both.<br />
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This approach has paid off rather handsomely in males with strong expression of yellow finnage. Rather surprisingly, in production of some unique body colors & patterns in both LS and DS. Especially those incorporating Purple Body Mutation (Pb) in a rather pleasing lavender coloration. What follows are some F2-3 DS youngsters just starting to color up. Their LS siblings are expressing similarly.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOLPD-6s3FcHfKHJgdR6k1xaGvvzFDsbKs71EbqSdaq_ZT2BNLhTOYieC5I0AV_4fe8GbNnwdLW3VTQhEogL5ykeLk724xd6Pl4hTQQwo4Cwt5z7b3yUAOVaqiHBFhWbaSvBf8J_p_2mI/s1600/DSCF4323.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOLPD-6s3FcHfKHJgdR6k1xaGvvzFDsbKs71EbqSdaq_ZT2BNLhTOYieC5I0AV_4fe8GbNnwdLW3VTQhEogL5ykeLk724xd6Pl4hTQQwo4Cwt5z7b3yUAOVaqiHBFhWbaSvBf8J_p_2mI/s1600/DSCF4323.JPG" height="253" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F2 Vienna DS w/Pb, Viridis (Vir), Mg and small anterior spotting. The larger male will be a LS.</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW_9c50MqQIx8ug8pgSpZPxoAhOb85EoaCp-Q0kKVFJz0JSgumu5Fm53DHYaYyww0u-HrvUL6SuwjBl9b2W4BOiUPXPI7ATacXnthPzgQW0yOnJKR5G1WR4kbh6V2AIPs7edPcphvBf3k/s1600/DSCF4330.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW_9c50MqQIx8ug8pgSpZPxoAhOb85EoaCp-Q0kKVFJz0JSgumu5Fm53DHYaYyww0u-HrvUL6SuwjBl9b2W4BOiUPXPI7ATacXnthPzgQW0yOnJKR5G1WR4kbh6V2AIPs7edPcphvBf3k/s1600/DSCF4330.JPG" height="276" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F2 Vienna DS w/Pb, Viridis (Vir), Mg and X-link Saddleback on left.</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDN1oZPQX3z3kLpcoVVQRgdejISDAMbV_QgTAu5l6_FXhOVvu1UdV1s-Y-osPYn5WgA6VSLicaWXZa8dFKGy1hyphenhyphenOO-xarKKJGuCcvmhvFBioMKWeZ3TGOe-nujAwFCUiJHkTKDfojxiA/s1600/DSCF4346.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWDN1oZPQX3z3kLpcoVVQRgdejISDAMbV_QgTAu5l6_FXhOVvu1UdV1s-Y-osPYn5WgA6VSLicaWXZa8dFKGy1hyphenhyphenOO-xarKKJGuCcvmhvFBioMKWeZ3TGOe-nujAwFCUiJHkTKDfojxiA/s1600/DSCF4346.JPG" height="335" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F2 Vienna DS w/Pb, Viridis (Vir), Mg </b><b>and larger spotting.</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6oYPdZ2rMqCMbOlq6m8BRkuTFbrVILo5i9G6fXerKkuwC6PEgsCsGvPRpKqkMm9xmHR4GqRwpTw_yR_tai4x7PjFOhamw5wcji6pDtVQjc27bzA8HYZLWehgETJ_dW5iwf4PQe9Sgff8/s1600/DSCF4355.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6oYPdZ2rMqCMbOlq6m8BRkuTFbrVILo5i9G6fXerKkuwC6PEgsCsGvPRpKqkMm9xmHR4GqRwpTw_yR_tai4x7PjFOhamw5wcji6pDtVQjc27bzA8HYZLWehgETJ_dW5iwf4PQe9Sgff8/s1600/DSCF4355.JPG" height="277" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F2 Vienna DS w/Pb, Viridis (Vir), Mg and X-link Saddleback.</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsAK5WlZwhBLw-c38xeSHV20QoIwJbuxRUNZz0bJeDteyUIdjucbTku4IQ6ZvS5kimaz-pOCuDLk_hXdMDIhXfrw1Wm3yB-n3D24HBPi2He2B2I2jDO9MK0Rn0yt3vQgIcO6M6v7gh6GE/s1600/DSCF4353.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsAK5WlZwhBLw-c38xeSHV20QoIwJbuxRUNZz0bJeDteyUIdjucbTku4IQ6ZvS5kimaz-pOCuDLk_hXdMDIhXfrw1Wm3yB-n3D24HBPi2He2B2I2jDO9MK0Rn0yt3vQgIcO6M6v7gh6GE/s1600/DSCF4353.JPG" height="306" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>F2 Vienna DS w/Pb, Viridis (Vir), Mg and </b><b>larger posterior spotting and anterior spotting well into the </b><b>abdomen.</b></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOzQovcT9xscai3rEza4CnT_jFpnahT_AueoRx6wve0RlTbvTWgfTWhL3KO8jxGJvPSEDQUi2L3-5zYFlWeDe4rCUHcln-dirqIwa3OpElcXNQD1Bz71VKkPQGb5cEHt3JUJPOf29o4GI/s1600/DSCF4327.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOzQovcT9xscai3rEza4CnT_jFpnahT_AueoRx6wve0RlTbvTWgfTWhL3KO8jxGJvPSEDQUi2L3-5zYFlWeDe4rCUHcln-dirqIwa3OpElcXNQD1Bz71VKkPQGb5cEHt3JUJPOf29o4GI/s1600/DSCF4327.JPG" height="225" width="400" /></a></div>
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You will notice in the two above males the one on the left possesses spotting, while the one on the right possesses a solid black shoulder stripe. He does not possess saddleback as does the male below. But the male with saddleback does express anterior spotting in the middle-lower adomen. While some of these differences in melanophore pattern are the result of sex-linkage, others are the result of autosomal inputs or even transposons, thus not readily fixed to type. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUv9e8LfIZMG8BKlg8fxoLHNwKwCEUMvzNMWsezIJxw0fwITbjzoPw17fZwL_7cq2HIu_hyphenhyphenIp5TcVc8u-YiUXs8WP5mb29izGp1UyoORbifF8goszIe0LH4txU8YOtgQ7DkCin6KWH6LY/s1600/DSCF3725.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUv9e8LfIZMG8BKlg8fxoLHNwKwCEUMvzNMWsezIJxw0fwITbjzoPw17fZwL_7cq2HIu_hyphenhyphenIp5TcVc8u-YiUXs8WP5mb29izGp1UyoORbifF8goszIe0LH4txU8YOtgQ7DkCin6KWH6LY/s1600/DSCF3725.JPG" height="213" width="320" /></a></div>
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Needless to say, I'm already clearing tank space in anticipation of several breeding groups involving these newly expressed traits. While creation of solid pattern guppies has its appeal with many breeders, for me the reward is in utilizing the seven natural colors found in wild Guppies to recreate the wonderful kaleidoscope of color found in last nights firework display...</div>
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~~~~~~~~~~</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>The 2014 Show Season is well under way around the world</b></div>
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<b>with various breed associations.</b><b> Show your support and promote</b></div>
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<b> your breeding program with some entries.</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-40017741885201716902014-05-31T11:17:00.000-04:002014-05-31T11:17:14.950-04:00Identification and Conservation of Traits by Domestic Breeders<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Identification and Conservation of Traits by Domestic Breeders<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywSCT_P87apIIAOlM8ycnjqJth4sxvXrOjw8oKBYriziYBZXDu_XZkadw_Sj1YeGLD8H4qi3DWYTNdD9myt8NN3eSBsa8r6Luq1u_UO7ozWB33XDeL74JTrS8f1HNvmStONegguj8ZYg/s1600/DSCF3211.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjywSCT_P87apIIAOlM8ycnjqJth4sxvXrOjw8oKBYriziYBZXDu_XZkadw_Sj1YeGLD8H4qi3DWYTNdD9myt8NN3eSBsa8r6Luq1u_UO7ozWB33XDeL74JTrS8f1HNvmStONegguj8ZYg/s1600/DSCF3211.JPG" height="227" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Lazuli Wild-Type w/X-link
yellow finnage and ocular spotting<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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As breeders of domestic strains or captive wild populations
we should be concerned with traits. Focusing
on traits will allow a breeder to conserve existing or produce unique
phenotypes.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Based on current best research all guppies are still
Peocilia reticulata. For the most part,
researchers in good standing have settled on; Peocilia reticulata reticulata,
Peocilia reticulata cumana, Peocilia reticulata wingei, Peocilia reticulata
obscura. As breeders, when describing phenotypical
variants as "morphs" it should be remembered we are simply dealing
with traits originating in genotype of wild stocks.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In the wild and under domestication trait selection,
retention and more importantly expression are driven by multiple factors. Including but not limited to; sexual
selection, predation, food resources, size of stream or impoundment, and lighting
to name a few. Phenoytpes are in turn the
result of ratios based on expressed &/or unexpressed traits as a result of
linkage and dominance. This based on
number of matings, births and deaths. Resulting
in expression of colors & pattern, finnage and body type. All based on traits.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSXbw1Kwitrwgxh1vGbFqT2FK7L1uBeDvrKZb-q18x_v6Jcjy9RhgSZ1p2rP4N64LveUuG0pCsS0rc8J8AzmJyw3MB-ufL81pfgmV6uPFJL_Xg78fNNfhqlOB1pGbu-k3pT6VZY8gYaY/s1600/DSCF2810.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuSXbw1Kwitrwgxh1vGbFqT2FK7L1uBeDvrKZb-q18x_v6Jcjy9RhgSZ1p2rP4N64LveUuG0pCsS0rc8J8AzmJyw3MB-ufL81pfgmV6uPFJL_Xg78fNNfhqlOB1pGbu-k3pT6VZY8gYaY/s1600/DSCF2810.JPG" height="172" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Blond Ginga Sulphureus DS w/Purple Body Mutation (Pb) and Z-bar</b></td></tr>
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Much emphasis by breeders and researchers is routinely placed
on creation of names for specific genes or mutations that produce phenotype,
instead of identification of the driving traits. Those found in unlinked combination or locked
in linked complex to express phenotype. Individual
traits can be limited to a variant, isolated populations, specific members of a
mixed population, or a particular locale.
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Many traits are conserved across species. All traits found
in wild guppies can easily cross defined lines of demarcation given the right
circumstances and be bred back to type or used to produce new phenotype. Traits are not limited to body, finnage,
color and pattern. They also impact longevity,
aggression, size, hardiness, and fecundity.
Rare or unexpressed traits found in wild genotype can hinder survival
under natural conditions. Positive selection
for any particular trait will have negative impact on another. The result is often not physically visible. You cannot add to one area without taking
away from another. There is an old
saying in livestock breeding; you start
with 100% and you end with 100%. All we do
as breeders is reshuffle the deck.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV5pXn8iTcaqCISppZp9BMDNiOL-5TXosB-joAHL7d5XCkQbERZeeXyOUFwKQipOycTogA3ajK8lwEDOnKoBOw4EYbRZfjg7qftX_W_xVgQnqVeYvqnFTOD0LVy96r7xN2kuNVTZesxRY/s1600/DSCF3226.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiV5pXn8iTcaqCISppZp9BMDNiOL-5TXosB-joAHL7d5XCkQbERZeeXyOUFwKQipOycTogA3ajK8lwEDOnKoBOw4EYbRZfjg7qftX_W_xVgQnqVeYvqnFTOD0LVy96r7xN2kuNVTZesxRY/s1600/DSCF3226.JPG" height="196" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 15.333332061767578px;"><b>Lazuli Wild-Type w/X-link yellow & Y-link for red finnage, ocular spotting,</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Purple Body Mutation (Pb), and MBAG</b></span></span></div>
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Under domestication we have the luxury of producing unique phenotypes
based on traits in a controlled environment.
Domestic Guppies are a composite of variants and their genotype. They are the result of identification and
combinations of specific, and often rare or unexpressed traits in unnatural
combinations.<o:p></o:p></div>
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While the maintenance of captive wild populations or unique
domestic strains should be of primary emphasis to breeders, it should not be an
encumbrance. You can easily view the
stocks within your fishroom and fellow breeders as gene banks. A collection of traits for infusion into your
stocks when needed. Knowledge of genetic
traits in turn will allow you to breed back to type or create new.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Show season is well underway with various guppy clubs around the world.</b></div>
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<b> Support the efforts of your fellow breeders by sending some entries</b></div>
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<b> to promote your breeding program</b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-42339180956663974012014-02-06T19:00:00.001-05:002014-02-06T21:31:00.335-05:00The Never Ending Endler debate; A species or not?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><b>The Never Ending Endler debate; A species or not?</b></span></h2>
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© Alan S. Bias </div>
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Permission granted
for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit
for learning purposes only.</div>
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<st1:date day="26" month="12" w:st="on" year="2011">February 6, 2014</st1:date></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3doMTi5y48ItSjbxCTL_1hn3zLWC5bxMhFXdKANE7gH6Sye22sqEmJxuQ057dzpCEQB0IInAy4o18dlAkDlnIYGdTrM26MJmym-EaZzddCy4YBCAMP3rnihn_UXrMu-CzQiFqiWr85JI/s1600/IMG_8498a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3doMTi5y48ItSjbxCTL_1hn3zLWC5bxMhFXdKANE7gH6Sye22sqEmJxuQ057dzpCEQB0IInAy4o18dlAkDlnIYGdTrM26MJmym-EaZzddCy4YBCAMP3rnihn_UXrMu-CzQiFqiWr85JI/s1600/IMG_8498a.jpg" height="295" width="400" /></a></div>
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<st1:date day="26" month="12" w:st="on" year="2011"><br /></st1:date></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I
have just finished reading <b><i>“<a href="http://www.igees.org/ENDLERS_GUPPY_A_SPECIES_OR_NOT_A_SPECIES" target="_blank">Klee (2013), Endler’s Guppy: A Species Or Not A Species?</a>” </i></b>for the
third, or is it fourth time? This in
conjunction with quick re-reads of several publications by Breden, Poeser and
Schories. While Klee does not come forth
in outright “support” of Schories (2009) & Poeser (2005) in proclaiming P. <i>wingei</i> a distinct species, it seems he
is leaning in that direction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
author does a well in laying out the processes used in naming a new
species. Even more so in explaining the
various scientific schools of thought, technology and terminology quoted for reader
understanding. In the end he wisely shy’s
away from proclaiming P. <i>wingei</i> a
distinct species citing lack of current consensus among scientists
themselves. What other option did he
have?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It
seems modern technology will further create schism between the divergent
schools of thought found within the scientific community for some time to
come. Traditional criteria for
classification of variant populations as new species within a genus are being
ignored in favor of micro classifications under the auspices of cryptic species
complex. In the past it was often
considered paramount speciation be set at the largest group capable of viable
reproduction. Localized differences
identified as sub-species. Should
science allow this to fall by the wayside?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Klee
relies heavily on Schories (2009), who in turn is supportive of Poeser
(2005). Schories does well in making
visible morphological and mitochondrial (mtDNA) distinction between variant
populations of P. <i>reticulata caroni</i>
and P. <i>reticulata obscura</i>, in her
effort at describing the latter as a distinct species. Supportive of Poeser’s classification of P. <i>reticulata wingei</i> as a distinct species adds
further preponderance of weight. Poeser
on the other hand relies to a lesser degree on mtDNA and favors morphological
evidence in proclaiming P. <i>reticulata wingei
</i>as a distinct species. Schories in
turn relies on mtDNA distinction in separating wingei as a distinct tree in
phylogeny. In her comparison between
other related species a similar range of genetic difference is revealed in
support of mtDNA based evidence of speciation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Likely
the most problematic criteria being used to define new species within a phylogenic
tree is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). While
there is little doubt that the use of molecular genetics to create phylogenetic
trees is of long-term value in showing relationship, can mtDNA alone be used to
define a species and signify cryptic speciation? The primary argument most seen being mutation
within maternally passed mtDNA is less frequent than DNA and is confined for the most part within
itself through self-replication. Thus, mtDNA
is more static in nature as compared to DNA, and less subject to “pollutants”
from various sources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Phylogenetic
result in itself is often a very “assumptive” process. When results are postulated solely from
single sided mtDNA evidence, it would seem a large part of the story is being
ignored. Many ancient native cultures around the
world are based on maternal lineage. Domestic
livestock breeding is often tracked within maternal family groups in a breed. While concentrating mtDNA, neither situation
results in rash proclamation of new species, only sub-populations and breeds. Maternal lineages are noted for directing speciation in
the wild through sexual selection and preference. Without morphological differences and a loss of
viability between populations stemming from a common ancestral lineage, I have a hard time viewing maternal lineages as
anything greater than family groups and </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">sub-populations</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> found within the greater
population.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
the end this leaves breeders with the same dilemma Klee presents in
summary; Science cannot reach
consensus on P. <i>reticulate wingei</i> as a variant population or species. So, why should we as breeders be overly worried about speciation status between variant guppy populations
in the process of incipient speciation? Personally, I see no reason. As breeders our efforts should be focused on identification and
retention of phenotypic traits from any of the three Guppy variants for incorporation into strains of Domestic
Guppies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u>REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 13.5pt; margin: 12pt 0in;">
Alexander, Heather J. and Felix
Breden, “Sexual isolation and extreme morphological divergence in the Cumana
guppy: a possible case of incipient speciation,” Journal of
Evo-lutionaryBiology, 17, pp. 1238-54, 2004.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Klee, Albert J., </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(2013), Endler’s
Guppy: A Species Or Not A Species?</span></i><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <a href="http://www.igees.org/ENDLERS_GUPPY_A_SPECIES_OR_NOT_A_SPECIES">http://www.igees.org/ENDLERS_GUPPY_A_SPECIES_OR_NOT_A_SPECIES</a>,
last checked 2.6.2014.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Poeser, F.N., M. Kempkes, and I.J.H. Isbrücker, “Descr iption of
Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) wingei n. sp. from the Paría Peninsula, Venezuela,
including notes on Acanthophacelus Eigenmann, 1907 and other subgenera of
Poecilia Bloch and Schneider,1808 (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes,
Poecili-idae).Contributions to Zoology74: 97–115,2005.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Schories, Susanne, Manfred K. Meyer & Manfred Schartl , “Descr
iption of Poecilia (Acanthophacelus) obscuran. sp., (Teleostei:Poeciliidae), a
new guppy species from western Trinidad, with remarks on P. wingei and the
status of the “Endler’s guppy,”Zootaxa,2266: 35–50, 2009.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> C</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">onsider asking a </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">knowledgeable</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> breeder for help</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><b> in identifying a unique trait you just observed</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><b> in your strain before culling. Never know,</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"><b> it might just be the newest mutation in the world of Guppies.</b></span></div>
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-60694363039444744232013-12-20T13:02:00.004-05:002013-12-20T13:02:41.474-05:00A search for origins of iridescence in modern domesticA guppies; if and when did introgression occur?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span lang="RO" style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;">POECILIID RESEARCH</span></b><br />
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<b><span lang="RO" style="background: black; color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-highlight: black;"> International Journal of
the Bioflux Society</span></b><span lang="RO" style="background: black; color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-highlight: black;">-</span><b><span lang="RO" style="background: black; color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-highlight: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="RO" style="background: black; color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO; mso-highlight: black;">
Research Article </span></b><b><span lang="RO" style="color: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: RO;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">A search for origins of iridescence in modern
domestic<sup><span style="color: red;">A </span></sup>guppies; if and when did introgression
occur?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alan
S. Bias <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Swordtail
Guppy Breeder & Designer, P.O. Box 1508, Lewisburg, West Virginia 24901,
USA. Corresponding author: A. S. Bias, <a href="http://swordtailguppies.com/"></a><a href="mailto:alansbias@aol.com"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alansbias@aol.com</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: -.1pt;">A</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .05pt;">b</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: -.05pt;">s</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: .1pt;">t</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: -.2pt;">r</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">a</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">c<span style="letter-spacing: .1pt;">t</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">.<b><span style="letter-spacing: .2pt;"> </span></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">The
source of genetic inputs in modern Domestic<b><sup><span style="color: red;">2</span></sup></b> Guppy strains has long been a
controversial topic in breeder circles. Assumed by many to consist solely of <i>Poecilia reticulata</i>, and considered by
others to have multiple inputs from closely related variant populations<b><sup><span style="color: red;">B</span></sup></b>.
The attempt of this paper is to demonstrate that sum genotype, in particular
for at least one identifiable trait known as Iridescens (Ir), stems from an
amalgamation through interbreeding of native Guppy<b><sup><span style="color: red;">C</span></sup></b> populations in divergent
stages of incipient speciation<b><sup><span style="color: red;">6</span></sup></b>; that are capable of interbreeding and
surviving in either habitat, and are therefore non-cryptic<b><sup><span style="color: red;">1</span></sup></b>. Offspring should not
be viewed as interspecific </span>hybrids<b><sup><span style="color: red;">5</span></sup></b><span style="letter-spacing: -.3pt;">
(between different species in the same genus), as they are capable of viable
reproduction, lacking any high degree of decrease in reproductive viability.
Domestic strains, like wild counterparts in reproductive isolation<b><sup><span style="color: red;">11</span></sup></b>
are not speciated. Results are based on 45 years breeding experience of which
nearly thirty (30) years have been devoted to strains collectively known as
“Swordtail Guppies”, efforts of other professional breeders, and that of the
scientific community.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Key Words</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">: swordtail guppy, domestic strains, Vienna
emerald, wild-type, guppy populations, reflective qualities, smaragd-iridescens,
iridescence, <i>Poecilia</i> <i>reticulata</i>, <i>Poecilia</i> <i>obscura</i>, <i>Poecilia</i> <i>wingei</i>, Cumana’ guppy, Campoma guppy, Endler’s livebearer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Hypothesis</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<i> </i>Based on what we know today, it is
likely early 1900’s importations of the Guppy<i> </i>(<i>Poecilia reticulata</i>)<i> </i>made available to breeders contained
“iridescent-reflective” genotype (Photo 1), as a result of admix of variant
populations. Therefore, future introductions and usage of variants, by
breeders, in domestic stocks should be viewed simply as “genetic tools” for
improvement. Does phenotypical evidence exist to support admix? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Photo
1. Iridescent Asian Blau Schimmelpennig Platinum (Domestic Strain) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">(photo
by A. S. Bias).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">FOR FULL TEXT AND PHOTOS: </span><a href="http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2013.22-39.pdf">http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2013.22-39.pdf</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Received: 03 December 2013. Accepted:
16 December 2013. Published online: 20 December 2013.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Author: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Alan S. Bias, Swordtail Guppy
Breeder, <span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;">P.O. Box 1508,
Lewisburg, WV 24901, USA,</span></span> <a href="http://swordtailguppies.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://swordtailguppies.com/</span></a>, e-mail: <a href="mailto:alansbias@aol.com"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alansbias@aol.com</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">are credited.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 8pt;">How to cite this
article:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 8.0pt;">Bias
A. S., 2013 A search for origins of iridescence in modern domestic<sup><span style="color: red;"> </span></sup>guppies; if and when did introgression occur?
Poec Res 3(1):22-39.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</div>
Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-40758769818074823662013-09-02T13:12:00.003-04:002013-09-03T15:57:26.906-04:00Homozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt;">Homozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></div>
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Permission granted for
nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for
learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Sept 2, 2013<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKhAEQFSgmX3OvqwEPv9ne79jjJnyzPpDhPv9Iac6hCoEGanPLQM4ciGigpMHqJM1Z8vy9QkHzQ8yn-T_vFacoahw3SOnWzr2bsZv3-9Tev-_xHmczX0vVq9KXwOgr9EtxCbjLvnr4cB0/s1600/DSCF1838.JPG" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKhAEQFSgmX3OvqwEPv9ne79jjJnyzPpDhPv9Iac6hCoEGanPLQM4ciGigpMHqJM1Z8vy9QkHzQ8yn-T_vFacoahw3SOnWzr2bsZv3-9Tev-_xHmczX0vVq9KXwOgr9EtxCbjLvnr4cB0/s320/DSCF1838.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Homozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald</span></span></b></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Likely
one of the least appreciated</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> guppy phenotypes to be found is
Homozygous Asian Blau (Ab). Such fish are normally considered weak by-products of popular
delta breedings involving blue iridophores and red color pigment; Blue Topaz, Blue Grass, Half Black (HB) Neon
quickly come to mind as examples. Each
strain is created by the removal of red color pigment, frequently an X-link, from
phenotype. It is still contained in
genotype, only masked via epistasis.</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Is this a good enough reason for show
breeders or those researching specific traits to casually discard such an
unassuming phenotype? Can these fish be
of use to IFGA and other showing breeders programs for research and improvement? Most assuredly, by fostering an understanding
of genetic principles from an extreme perspective, In turn increase iridescence
in solid color pigment strains such as red, green, blue and purple. It can also lend a better understanding into
the complexities of modern platinum strains, which in conjunction with Ab, are now
frequently infused into solid strains such as modern Yellow Delta’s.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMKHR9ZACnswpfhfnnLY1v8FBjmKIpw3qPxW-sG1XzkZ1Js5T-CMcjKr0S7A5BrXYOangPiKzhpYn5GPPoTbTp8pB3CfMpO7YuV1EFO6v1GtL10X1ElTV_SdUMNmv1hYUvubnLPyJRLl4/s1600/IMG_0424.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMKHR9ZACnswpfhfnnLY1v8FBjmKIpw3qPxW-sG1XzkZ1Js5T-CMcjKr0S7A5BrXYOangPiKzhpYn5GPPoTbTp8pB3CfMpO7YuV1EFO6v1GtL10X1ElTV_SdUMNmv1hYUvubnLPyJRLl4/s320/IMG_0424.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Homozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald female</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Discussion:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">We can ascertain red pigment is not
actually removed, as it returns in sibling breedings and outcross to non-red
color pigment strains. This indicates
red color pigment remains present in genotype of homozygous Ab & heterozygous Ab individuals. European breeders routinely refer to this
practice of using Asian Blau as a “Blau cheat” to artificially create “Blue”. Ab in the prior examples should be looked
upon as nothing more than a genetic tool for removal of red color
pigment. It is no different in practice
than outcross to a non-red strain; only in genetic principle does it
differ. For the most part yellow color
pigment, while sometimes reduced, is normally left intact with infusion of Ab. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUTZ5WRyUEUqNYfyqrQ32yXKK8uGJATJGjK4bLYLieCMUSsV0kRCFTU5l51_H46mRsxwpevlhCgfoFcLYhPmqs7dhKwo85b9urUTlTdoBcXQfZjTkYGm9hTJhLz5k6q6_pc7xD7hRVqes/s1600/DSCF1717.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUTZ5WRyUEUqNYfyqrQ32yXKK8uGJATJGjK4bLYLieCMUSsV0kRCFTU5l51_H46mRsxwpevlhCgfoFcLYhPmqs7dhKwo85b9urUTlTdoBcXQfZjTkYGm9hTJhLz5k6q6_pc7xD7hRVqes/s320/DSCF1717.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Homozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In all strains, to include prior examples,
homozygosity for Ab will reduce male caudal structure in X-link <span style="background: white;">Caudalis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><em>Pigmentierte</em> (Cp) </span>Delta
Tails, Y-link Lower Swordtails (LS) and X-link Double Swordtails (DS) to a
shape resembling a roundtail with extension. Though, some weak delta tails
present, more often than not homozygyous Ab definitely has overwhelming impact
on <span style="background: white;">Cp. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="background: white;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="background: white;">Again, this is via epistasis and not removal of affected traits. In example:
I routinely test breed h</span>omozygous Ab Vienna Emerald LS, as
pictured above, to non-Ab or heterozygous Ab sisters. The resulting heterozygous Ab or non-Ab male
offspring exhibit 100% Vienna LS phenotype with full extension as in photos below. While sons homozygous for Ab continue to
resemble their sire. If find it very intriguing that Ab can have little or no effect on dorsal extension. This further lends support that most caudal and dorsal extensions are independently regulated, unless in true complex.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Asian Blau is
considered an “Autosomal Partially Domiant Trait”. Simply stated, it expresses to a degree, ie.
alters phenotype, in heterozygous fashion.
In my Vienna Swordtail breedings this occurs in at least three primary expressions; removal of red pigment, reduction of black
melanophores, and amplification of iridophores.
This is visibly manifest in both grey and blond (IFGA gold) fish to
nearly equal degree.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQuzlddCtJ5Mfk6_KL4sM-NMPeWLJDhvPl-i6dU4DTP5DrThGuO1v8V0e6iON1AbLbyWmZqAhRE6hUVAjfHt1OY51sp2uRTQ_v_WZgzTCjIeAJCDdCGvamWrAqOgtDWwuKlZWuhUUgt0/s1600/IMG_9521b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSQuzlddCtJ5Mfk6_KL4sM-NMPeWLJDhvPl-i6dU4DTP5DrThGuO1v8V0e6iON1AbLbyWmZqAhRE6hUVAjfHt1OY51sp2uRTQ_v_WZgzTCjIeAJCDdCGvamWrAqOgtDWwuKlZWuhUUgt0/s320/IMG_9521b.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Vienna Emerald Lowersword</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5FABYemRhN9F0Ku4vtUbVKJEmEWrXGFsdW19HKvQe-HbF5zwLzIcQbDUhu_XMixf7XbIxmxu-VrN-qqY1fV7eidYFSxSTmEBP53hvV3cn-8jGJout-t_pVYZJiwCq814hwv5-t58ivEE/s1600/IMG_0335.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="181" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5FABYemRhN9F0Ku4vtUbVKJEmEWrXGFsdW19HKvQe-HbF5zwLzIcQbDUhu_XMixf7XbIxmxu-VrN-qqY1fV7eidYFSxSTmEBP53hvV3cn-8jGJout-t_pVYZJiwCq814hwv5-t58ivEE/s320/IMG_0335.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Heterozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald Lowersword</b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The focus on this article is to point
out to breeders that homozygous Ab expression can be used as a case study, resulting
in a form of beauty with fertility and hardiness. In turn, can be used in heterozygous form by
those breeders with visual acuity to further advance strains. For further
reading on heterozgous Asian Blau expression you may wish to read:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2012/06/asian-blau-mutation-as-tool-for-yellow.html"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2012/06/asian-blau-mutation-as-tool-for-yellow.html</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2012/04/asian-blau-japan-blue-swordtails.html">http://swordtailguppies.blogspot.com/2012/04/asian-blau-japan-blue-swordtails.html</a></span><span style="color: #0070c0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Infusion of Ab into strains bred for
predominantly flat color pigment over iridophores can result in heterozygous Ab
phenotypes with extreme eye appeal as given in example and seen above. Breeders often combine additional autosomal
recessives for pattern modification requiring homozygous expression;
fragmentary snakeskin, Z-bar, metal (Mg), blond (b), albino (a), pink (Pk). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;">Autosomal Partially </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">Dominant</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: small;"> Traits are often much weaker standalone in homozygous form than traditional
Autosomal Recessive counterparts, such as golden (IFGA bronze) or albino. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When Ab combines in homozygous form, in
conjunction with additional homozygous recessives, it can result in weak or stunted
fish. Linebreeding is not advisable. While traits such as golden are considered
recessive, they do, in fact, visibly alter expression in heterozygous form. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-6V4BlAN-WJwDMduNAvlUGw8tzixopmfJHV_tYg9uxDS2qFjgPt3icWGzvdknv1eRwXdtscCAUsw0GvAqK9abNlFimJSFZfPQH0tyugqm8z1pveWCoZnyXw1SPk3myfbdz33M5c7C9vs/s1600/DSCF1868.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-6V4BlAN-WJwDMduNAvlUGw8tzixopmfJHV_tYg9uxDS2qFjgPt3icWGzvdknv1eRwXdtscCAUsw0GvAqK9abNlFimJSFZfPQH0tyugqm8z1pveWCoZnyXw1SPk3myfbdz33M5c7C9vs/s320/DSCF1868.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Homozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Homozygous Ab is no
different than any other homozygote expression.
It requires diligence on part of breeders to both bolster hardiness and
phenotypical expression. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One way to
accomplish this requires a breeding program geared toward iridescence over
color pigment, and yellow color pigment over red. As mentioned Ab will not remove yellow
pigment in finnage in heterozygous form, but homozygous Ab will. Leaving visible only certain classes of black
melanophores and metallic iridophores in; blue, red/purple, yellow/green. This will create a genotype allowing for
colorful expression. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUPZazBQUG1Au-928Ad7-SxcG87A0CVTgxpndBBQ7BfZ1G2dcBAtRvp4yDVBkZL3daSVDOyGySmCIp4CHfbFGB7NPEWEt0OuNiZ20Vbbtg-ycvyq7FHFpJO-aDHHjnC13lVNC27IvkMc/s1600/Luteus+(Lu).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHUPZazBQUG1Au-928Ad7-SxcG87A0CVTgxpndBBQ7BfZ1G2dcBAtRvp4yDVBkZL3daSVDOyGySmCIp4CHfbFGB7NPEWEt0OuNiZ20Vbbtg-ycvyq7FHFpJO-aDHHjnC13lVNC27IvkMc/s200/Luteus+(Lu).jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Luteus (by Winge)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Research has shown yellow color pigment
has a close relationship with black melanophores in multiple recognized complexes. It is easily seen in traits such as Luteus
(Lu) and Flavus (Fla). End result, when
one is present so is the other. In delta
strains this often manifests in the form of black trailing edges on finnage in
strains such as grey body HB Yellow or Yellow Deltas. In blond (IFGA gold) counterparts melanophores are
reduced, leaving areas devoid of black.
Yellow Swordtails express no different, and the effect is often more
visible resembling wild-type</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF4unGNrSgnHMAZmEg4pDlaBd8k-APW_Cs0BWNGVNxRCAneGxFMOfZnMTk5LXRwJqfuHUv-XrsKaMG4a6FgsCrFfflBiLensbH5XKtOqfaKDlOVWSVc0nPnBIdH3-RrbQ2uF-VDnvN-Ao/s1600/Flavus+(Fla).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="127" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF4unGNrSgnHMAZmEg4pDlaBd8k-APW_Cs0BWNGVNxRCAneGxFMOfZnMTk5LXRwJqfuHUv-XrsKaMG4a6FgsCrFfflBiLensbH5XKtOqfaKDlOVWSVc0nPnBIdH3-RrbQ2uF-VDnvN-Ao/s200/Flavus+(Fla).jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Flavus (by Winge)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">While heterozygous Ab will in effect
remove black from phenotypical expression in these traits, as evidenced in prior heterozygous grey Ab Vienna LS photo, it can have just the opposite effect in homozygous
expression. It will both collect and
amplify regions of black. The addition
of variegation, a trait involving black melanophores, is also disrupted by Ab. As is Nigrocaudatus (HB) and Cp. In each case, there is a correlation with a
disruption of the expected effects of a specific trait in conjunction with Ab.</span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVPEA_jQItFhggvRjeiJr5hMHakf4tvXUbwHscZa8_2YB_KNh60A_ykVGn8EOOxFyyk_DWE-814EHP-_I5ARUQ7pifH1lJ7mFo5ArkTNLF9wAFT0kQUMECliJ3wbM6Z3DVQmKeszmkPU/s1600/Fla+-+Ni+-+Cp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVPEA_jQItFhggvRjeiJr5hMHakf4tvXUbwHscZa8_2YB_KNh60A_ykVGn8EOOxFyyk_DWE-814EHP-_I5ARUQ7pifH1lJ7mFo5ArkTNLF9wAFT0kQUMECliJ3wbM6Z3DVQmKeszmkPU/s400/Fla+-+Ni+-+Cp.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Flavus - Ni - Cp (by Kirpichnikov)</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Concentrated black melanophores in homozygous
Ab fish are also highly motile in nature.
This extends to all zones of regulation in body, caudal and dorsal. While masked via epistatic effect of
homozygous Ab, yellow color pigment is still very much present in genotype. As regulation is controlled in several distinct
body segments, each independent of the other, expression can vary immensely
from minute to minute when courting or feeding.
In analogy, a poor man’s Cuttlefish if you will.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Summary:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">With effort Homozygous Ab guppies, while
unlikely to ever place in a sanctioned show, can have a beauty of type all to
themselves in the realm of established strains.
I have always thought of them as incorporating the wispy and delicate
form found in Japanese “Medaka”. Of much
more importance is the ability of Ab to educate visually inclined breeders and
show the results of “cause and effect” found in their Ab show Guppy strains. All it takes is a little patience, knowledge
and a good eye. We are often so pressed for space on a quest to save and select
superior breeders for the next generation; we fail to digest what those who
fall short have to offer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpok1JXi4q9hOK7UPnuUUapqHyzcqKj4eqGo8p5r_7yMng3-cKxuuhmEJumCN8-MLJISN-qmFAQcN0QBgj9xWTNszWzki_pV_ZNJ8bU2vzgCvpuukSc7CtftK9tyg9OxgpYkvRAS4-xz0/s1600/DSCF1851.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpok1JXi4q9hOK7UPnuUUapqHyzcqKj4eqGo8p5r_7yMng3-cKxuuhmEJumCN8-MLJISN-qmFAQcN0QBgj9xWTNszWzki_pV_ZNJ8bU2vzgCvpuukSc7CtftK9tyg9OxgpYkvRAS4-xz0/s320/DSCF1851.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Homozygous Asian Blau Vienna Emerald</span></span></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Color
Plate References:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Winge, O
& Ditlevsen, E. (1947), “Colour Inheritance and Sex Determination in
Lebistes”, Carlsberg Lab, Copenhagen, Valby.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kirpichnikov 1981 – “Genetic Bases of
Fish Selection”, Translated by G.G. Gause, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg,
New York.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Guppies have always been referred to as a
Geneticists Dream. One day our Genetic Toolbox will likely realize a finite
number of traits to work with. For now
they keep appearing around the world in breeder tanks in ever increasing
combinations.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <b>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
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Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1436218126291303253.post-39144984331621708762013-08-26T18:17:00.002-04:002013-08-26T19:03:31.651-04:00BREEDING RACK SYSTEMS; Automation for Water Change & The Use of Single Point Filtration<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">BREEDING RACK SYSTEMS; Automation for Water Change </span></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">& The Use of Single Point Filtration</span></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">© Alan S. Bias <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">Permission granted
for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit
for learning purposes only.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><st1:date day="26" month="12" w:st="on" year="2011"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;">August 26, 2013</span></st1:date><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Discussion:</span></u></b></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">As a Guppy breeder
over the last 30</b> years I have been fortunate to have had 6 fishrooms.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Five in locations within my residences and
one in the backroom of a large retail aquarium / fish store.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Each
incarnation was within the confines of a dedicated room solely for the purpose
of breeding and raising guppies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
it is common in Europe for breeders to heat and cover individual tanks in both dedicated
fish rooms and standalone breeding racks, this is often not the standard practice
in North America.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM7ILzBsa2qKCPiGVmv7r7_j0JKdK6eC2Sm0dsd9Ccsbf6JnXNDJXIsH1hr3jM6VdsGR4GFa_fyjmy_lPIZTpTG9gkTmmcpVi16MPTHbDPAnW4hc5LwWqYWDIXPVDWydIk0FKLKekqyy4/s1600/Bias+fishroom2+ca+1983.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM7ILzBsa2qKCPiGVmv7r7_j0JKdK6eC2Sm0dsd9Ccsbf6JnXNDJXIsH1hr3jM6VdsGR4GFa_fyjmy_lPIZTpTG9gkTmmcpVi16MPTHbDPAnW4hc5LwWqYWDIXPVDWydIk0FKLKekqyy4/s320/Bias+fishroom2+ca+1983.jpg" width="234" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Ca. 1984 manual breeding racks</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Historically, In the US and Canada, an entire room is heated
in winter to maintain a median rack temperature of 70-80*.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Though in practice the usually varies from
70-72* on lower rack and 78-80* on upper tiers.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For much of the year this requires a constantly running de-humidifier
preset to a desired level.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Unlike de-humidifiers
found several decades ago, modern counterparts generate massive amounts of heat
during the process of removing excess moisture from the air.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">During spring, winter and fall this is not a
bad thing, as it helps maintain fishroom temperature at a range long viewed as compatible
with breeding guppies.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">In Montana I found the use of modern de-humidifiers not so
much of an issue in comparison to usage in the lowlands of Virginia or even the
highlands of West Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Out West it
was not uncommon for humidity levels to range from 25–50% during the year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Summer averages dropping as low as 8-10% and
in winter 50-60%.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here in the East
winter levels rarely drop below 50-60* and in summer can range in the 80-90%
range.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So any excessive heat generation
during the process of de-humidification can compound an already uncomfortable
environment. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My favorite practice in
both situations tends to be a combination of running fans, leaving the doors
slightly ajar to vent excess humidity and seasonal use of de-humidifiers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Herein, is the dilemma.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For many, in this modern age both the expense and feasibility of large
dedicated fishrooms is quickly becoming a thing of the past.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even when financial resources are available,
limitations of physical location and water quality may in itself prohibit
creation and maintenance of a dedicated fishroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet, based on worldwide communications,
general interest in breeding guppies is as strong as or stronger than bygone levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is there a practical alternative?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I think, yes…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhbOW6XZgshMoSZMAtC1UwVQJL1OUzDFMuVL2vEmjGnNOrAUO3nnnfLtzcnSg5L8iQvh1mklE36QgMavmGiQWT6lm-d47mlcrfIojbK9L-PYhe8PwzDObTOXqxDUGc-7VCTA0snpHSWdc/s1600/Derricks+Racks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhbOW6XZgshMoSZMAtC1UwVQJL1OUzDFMuVL2vEmjGnNOrAUO3nnnfLtzcnSg5L8iQvh1mklE36QgMavmGiQWT6lm-d47mlcrfIojbK9L-PYhe8PwzDObTOXqxDUGc-7VCTA0snpHSWdc/s400/Derricks+Racks.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i> Automated Breeding Rack Systems<br /> with single point filtration (courtesy of Derrick Tan)</i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">For over a decade I have been following the self-contained
“Asian Style Breeding Racks” with not only intense interest, but
curiosity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Are they a viable option for
the average Guppy Breeder?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> In most instances they are designed for both automated water exchange and fitted with recirculating sump filters (Single Point Filtration). </span>In this part
of the world where success and value of both livestock and livestock breeding
programs are often gauged on the attitude of “Bigger Is Better”, they have met
with limited interest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commonly faulted
for both small compartment sizes and recirculated water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A prevailing belief that large tank sizes are
needed to raise large guppies and recycled water is a precursor to large scale
disease outbreak.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many guppy breeders
believing that water should not be exchanged between tanks as a means of
disease prevention, accepting a need to isolate tanks as mini eco-systems.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Having both an intense interest in the study of population
genetics and raising guppies in natural systems tells me this should not be the
case.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Mother Nature seeks moderate
stocking ratios in populations via allowable food resources, predation, natural
lifespan and disease.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">She also allows
for a means to recycle water in a natural setting between pools via evaporation
and replacement through percolation or rainfall in the guppies’ natural range.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Aquatic
environments often require minimal movement to purify over rock and silt, a
natural filter bed.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">While populations
between pools may suffer from genetic isolation, via natural barriers such as
waterfalls and remnant pools, they rarely suffer from total environmental
isolation.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Commonly accepted practice states that most
diseases result secondarily to poor water conditions.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Why should it not be possible within a
well-balanced breeding program to duplicate a natural system if components are
kept in balance?</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Research of others and my personal experience finds fault in
poor water conditions, breeding practices, compounded by stocking levels, lack
of quarantine and acclimation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
rare for entire populations of guppies raised outdoors in ponds at moderate
stocking ratios to become sick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even
rarer for wild guppies in riverine systems to suffer from large scale virulent disease
outbreaks, that go beyond isolated bacterial infections of individual specimens
in pools.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ever wonder why early diseases,
such as “Ick”, a common curse found in early guppy stocks were easy to treat
after identification?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet seldom seen
today?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They came with the wild stocks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diseases from initial wild populations tended
to focus on the weakened individuals and not populations as a whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When a particular disease is removed from the
equation, it is often replaced by something worse under poor selection or
husbandry practices.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A scenario that is far too common in the
evolution of modern urban mankind.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Over the last century non-traditional <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>selection criteria, forced feeding for
accelerated growth, overcrowding for production have fostered diseases which
now attack our captive guppy populations as a whole.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A nearly identical parallel has been found in
all modern commercial livestock breeding across species.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selection based on confinement and accelerated
growth has resulted in breeds with shortened lifespans and chemical reliance. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, guppy breeding often lacks a consistency
in quarantine protocols & procedure found in large mammal livestock
breeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not uncommon for imported
animals to be quarantined for several years, if not several generations before
being released into a general population.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>All in toll, we have allowed for introduction, expansion, and likely
evolution of both bacterial and viral diseases within captive guppy stocks at a
population level.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would not be
surprising to find within guppy populations the existence of a third class of
infectious agent, additional to viruses and bacteria, such as prion’s found in
large animal ruminants and humans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: Calibri;">System Design /
Implementation:</span></u></b></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnRDhw_F25U1MvZnEKiSrCzf32aNL93HXuD7zns1q6bkZa7zlYDaZasbRPf_DzYES28NgQgOUwT7HLLV27x_Y9bFNvAvnpEsqgI-ZS2htDtn2n4jT0qr1bqeXzgIr0CPsk_S2DTIZGLo/s1600/DSCF1260.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnRDhw_F25U1MvZnEKiSrCzf32aNL93HXuD7zns1q6bkZa7zlYDaZasbRPf_DzYES28NgQgOUwT7HLLV27x_Y9bFNvAvnpEsqgI-ZS2htDtn2n4jT0qr1bqeXzgIr0CPsk_S2DTIZGLo/s400/DSCF1260.JPG" width="210" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Breeding Rack fully automated for water change<br /> and single point filtration</i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">As stated my personal interest in considering the use of a Breeding
Rack System <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is based on finding an
alternative to a large scale dedicated fishroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two primary reasons being stability and
ability; stability in maintaining a breeding program & ability to continue
a breeding program.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have been breeding
and raising guppies in some form or fashion nearly nonstop since 8 years of
age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With gaps only occurring when it
was not practical to setup and maintain a fishroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not for lack of space, but a lack of suitable
space to utilize as a fishroom; an existing basement room, garage, extra
storage room, spare bathroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
limited footprint of a breeding rack seems to offer a lot of possibilities in
any setting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">It took quite a bit of consideration to formulate just what
my needs would be, and nearly as much effort to stick with them during design
and construction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In short I sought:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Portability of tanks and racks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Utilization of compatible components<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Minimum of 50 compartments<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ability to heat tanks without heating a room<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Minimal lighting <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Excellent water quality<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Automated water change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A Maximum tank / rack height of 80”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Compartments size between 5 and 8 gallons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Drilled at the back of each compartment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Thick gauge glass for longevity and transport<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Frames on top and bottom for transport</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Most of the Breeding Rack Systems I found online or those sent
by fellow breeders utilize 4-5 rows of individual tanks without frames built to
specification for available commercially produced racks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I chose to do the opposite and build racks to
fit my tanks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, the first step would be design
considerations for the tanks themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>From past experience I already realized, that while not cheaper to
construct, large compartmentalized tanks with tops would not only be easier to heat, but also better retain heat vs.
multiple small stand-alone tanks in several sizes. While glass is not a good insulator, thicker is better.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUCa6QJO8fm197qnL6rdSXDZjElivvrzwFan_OvahWIdSpDmkG9YhKLPHDOy3IIqmvWnAayGkNbQROeVP8-2pwx0fAYE7z-TLQLF56jC1CDCphxbnpCBLDIIKcci01RqdOA6MyosqaXN8/s1600/DSCF1495.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUCa6QJO8fm197qnL6rdSXDZjElivvrzwFan_OvahWIdSpDmkG9YhKLPHDOy3IIqmvWnAayGkNbQROeVP8-2pwx0fAYE7z-TLQLF56jC1CDCphxbnpCBLDIIKcci01RqdOA6MyosqaXN8/s320/DSCF1495.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Below water view automated compartmentalized tank</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">After calculating dimensions, volume and weight I settled on
the following.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>48” * 18” * 12” (L*W*H) tank of 44 Gallons
(174.6 liters) in two variations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These
dimensions would allow for use of a standard set of frames on the top and bottom of each tank without
need for cutting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frames are a must in
my mind for safe transport of large glass tanks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvnpUZxU1wfq1XqGyMsaicAyPAVBmNyitI_V418xj7PODny8GZIsSXrb3mg7-QHIMSuiFbeqCpl59BZG7RC-AG5iNoJzRrO54nxnbhZ7vutODzWz-4STtHICpygv01hKpOKIZvHBBTvo/s1600/DSCF1368.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFvnpUZxU1wfq1XqGyMsaicAyPAVBmNyitI_V418xj7PODny8GZIsSXrb3mg7-QHIMSuiFbeqCpl59BZG7RC-AG5iNoJzRrO54nxnbhZ7vutODzWz-4STtHICpygv01hKpOKIZvHBBTvo/s320/DSCF1368.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Above water view automated compartmentalized tank</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9x1Syf0SSlkhNac7vb7JoAax2NAN_TcQH6NitIAcOus931MyPCBzpg9P9RtoMoT92lbqzPda7t6GyZPwasaGLnKTUPCjix3ae8Lrl72hMM7vkl7aQ7_71hksTGwNvmi54cG7lBHjp9ms/s320/DSCF1340.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>View of 6 * 18 *13" compartment</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">The first variant would be divided into 6 compartments of
7.48 gallons (28.32 liters) and a second into eight compartments of 5.61
gallons </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">(21.24 liters) each.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">This would keep the total weight (water &
tank) of each tank at or near the 500lb. (226.8 kg) limit I had imposed.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">Right away it was obvious I would be building
two identical rack systems to meet my 50 tank requirement if I wished to keep combined
rack weight </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">under 1500lb. (680 kg).</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">Each rack could be composed of 2 six
compartment and 1 eight compartment tank. </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">I had tossed around building a 60 * 18 * 13
version, but the extra weight just did not justify the addition of a couple
compartments.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">From a practical
standpoint a 48” * 18” * 12” tank can be lifted and moved by an average size
individual, while a 60” * 18” * 12” cannot.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: left;">As I will later explain 48” would also maximize my choice of lighting.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdsqJArR3P0-B_tlq9vjEVE1nraasksqEiCe2xiAVyZYolCe378l1jrXICRhde3GC__VeEbSNmTqAzjv3VhSPPfRg8ybXI4Csd2xje1BN0d549iTGyeqA6RfkzaYy-exCqbYQn3zusSEU/s320/DSCF1352.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="224" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>View of 8 * 18 *13" compartment</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The bottoms and backsides of all my tanks are painted a very vivid blue. Guppies always seem to be more at ease with the bottoms of tanks painted, exhibiting better expression of their colors. Over the last 30 years I've found quality spray paint holds up far better than any type of brushed on paint. Regardless of varying conditions to include; hot or cold, humid or dry. As long as tanks are well cleaned prior and de-greased, I find little difference in reliability between better name brands such as; Krylon, Rust-Oleum, or Valspar.</span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To conserve heat and reduce humidity each tank has two 24”
hinged glass tops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This will allow for a
minimal heat source in the form of two small submersible heaters in the center
compartments of each tank 48” tank.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
heater in sump filtration will serve to supplement not only the sump but any
recirculating water in transit through piping.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Open tanks in themselves are not the primary source of humidity in a
heated self-contained fishroom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The majority
of excess humidity results from water displacement via bubbling filtration in
conjunction with heat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Wishing for a more professional look than my skills allowed,
construction of the tanks & tops was outsourced to <a href="http://glasscages.com/">Glasscages.com</a> located
in Dickson, TN.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Construction was
completed in a timely manner to specifications with no issue.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My wife and I met the tractor trailer on a
winter night alongside Interstate 81 in Lexington, VA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All six tanks fit into the bed of my pickup
truck with room for several more.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzQfl7rWVhInPGO4LEzhQYtCBlipn_1vFMOy_tNzOVnZpPRI-xVqtGov03qCpas0GCCbwIfKrpNpk5E_zDWns3Qbv9SEHHYchJ4x1opT625HhOc0g2fIzcgVodPFzHoI3DoWqKgerM7ys/s1600/DSCF1315.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzQfl7rWVhInPGO4LEzhQYtCBlipn_1vFMOy_tNzOVnZpPRI-xVqtGov03qCpas0GCCbwIfKrpNpk5E_zDWns3Qbv9SEHHYchJ4x1opT625HhOc0g2fIzcgVodPFzHoI3DoWqKgerM7ys/s200/DSCF1315.JPG" width="140" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Bulkheads and drainpipe fittings</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">After researching bulkhead costs and that of PVC pipe and
fittings I decided that ¾” offered the most efficient choice of options in
regards to water flow.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also seemed
more prudent to use “slip” on both inlet and outlet, instead of “threaded”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Slip on inlet for obvious later modifications
that may come about and slip on outlet so fixtures could be hard glued to avoid
leaks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not so much from every day use, but
caused during transportation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Instead of
rigid PVC for drain pipe I went with plastic fittings and vinyl tubing to allow
from some “movement” during relocation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember, my primary goal is portability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
also allows for a quick disconnect at the end of each tank for ease of removal.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-e9K3xjovcSD9_KzrKFyPo-kzD7jA_tT-0VQ4HLf_HGLqzogTqsPv5OQ8cw0fMQqwskZyi6AnKEg3R4SqR4CvC1412tRMCucYarEPBfoK-j04neuoDMS60TaN81pB9Ckt81cGQHkbmQc/s1600/DSCF1361.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-e9K3xjovcSD9_KzrKFyPo-kzD7jA_tT-0VQ4HLf_HGLqzogTqsPv5OQ8cw0fMQqwskZyi6AnKEg3R4SqR4CvC1412tRMCucYarEPBfoK-j04neuoDMS60TaN81pB9Ckt81cGQHkbmQc/s320/DSCF1361.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Riser Tube & Bulkhead assembly</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Each compartment is serviced by a single ¾” bulkhead to keep
both the cost of drilling and fittings to a minimum.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This is accomplished through a single “master
valve” </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">to which all water flows that
controls water direction to filtration or waste.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">To allow for circulation &/or removal of
water from both the surface and bottom of each tank I designed a Do It Yourself
(DIY) riser tube.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It incorporates an
intake strainer on the surface and a sleeve on the bottom.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">With only a single bulkhead in each tank this
serves to add redundancy in case a drain becomes plugged during operation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kFZ6xoBxWHYkx5SeQmWcFgmyPWpk1QmOQwWYU5NBE9YHj9VzVkIo1_TfB3QhNXRPqEUUcnqLurmVb6S_rs_u62OlixJH5Fj75N9CQ7ikt5u9MANqvWEb-r1nOKkT26F5xXNL7JBW8ek/s1600/DSCF1356.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1kFZ6xoBxWHYkx5SeQmWcFgmyPWpk1QmOQwWYU5NBE9YHj9VzVkIo1_TfB3QhNXRPqEUUcnqLurmVb6S_rs_u62OlixJH5Fj75N9CQ7ikt5u9MANqvWEb-r1nOKkT26F5xXNL7JBW8ek/s200/DSCF1356.JPG" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Riser Tube assembly</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Being very hands on I find that I have been just as likely to hang my water hose and manually run water to each tank, as use the quick connects I installed to fill each row in
volume.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Regardless of drainage design
there will always be a continuing need to siphon from the bottom of your
tanks.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Though with a well designed system, at a much reduced volume
based on feeding schedule and age of fish.</span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Lighting I kept simple by selecting 48” Lithonia T-8 low
profile fluorescent strips.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">They are
very small and lightweight as compared to traditional T-11.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Monetarily, both the fixture and bulbs are
still much more economical than modern LED lighting.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In conjunction with 48” inch tanks this would
allow for even distribution of light to all tanks.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A wide choice of bulb types is offered in 48”
for those so inclined.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE_IGqnY5ombe6tuyg9WRZMIIkQTnVBEy9bRhO68P5FkFlrbIEJX0RtffvGHNUBJhvQBCSmQiM08S9J89D77nY9tnBcOsN9gPUQOyaIky_vysSQSrZltSQW4CjiuuvS-8c2bFD1H62c5w/s1600/DSCF1333.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE_IGqnY5ombe6tuyg9WRZMIIkQTnVBEy9bRhO68P5FkFlrbIEJX0RtffvGHNUBJhvQBCSmQiM08S9J89D77nY9tnBcOsN9gPUQOyaIky_vysSQSrZltSQW4CjiuuvS-8c2bFD1H62c5w/s400/DSCF1333.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>T-8 Low Profile fluorescent fixture</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6uCGyPhZys8EmjnDohSV1Bc33jSvhWL2awCVa4KrqybNeG_5rVwK3PO6HLTkmlY2wcBb6WmYHdPC_iOFDz5pNj7fwSKVIQ_FQEoTy_Jfh22KGMe19RGYmT-9IxorWIm8xaSjPfG7rqjU/s1600/DSCF1492.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6uCGyPhZys8EmjnDohSV1Bc33jSvhWL2awCVa4KrqybNeG_5rVwK3PO6HLTkmlY2wcBb6WmYHdPC_iOFDz5pNj7fwSKVIQ_FQEoTy_Jfh22KGMe19RGYmT-9IxorWIm8xaSjPfG7rqjU/s400/DSCF1492.JPG" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Retrofitted Wooden Breeding Rack<br /> automated only for water change</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">A pedigree breeding program is often a direct reflection of
its environment in the eyes of those visiting your farm and seeking your
genetics.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Normally my preference is wood
stands with a good coat of stain and polyurethane.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Not only does this help protect and preserve
the stand for many years, it allows for ease of cleaning.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">An unfinished stand is about like putting on
your best suit and not polishing your shoes.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It takes very little extra effort and cost to finish a stand.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Metal stands are very rigid, subject to rust
without rubber coating, and leveling issues with flaws in floors.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">However, just the opposite is true of a finished
wooden stand as they are easily leveled and very forgiving when properly
constructed. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo2pqfJhtneZJaYRv4KbepYenMtRx4Y1VnzT2t8XmBbErhPV_Y9vclo63JliuLp3sC0KIj-zzUi7LvsgUAr1HA9K1jSpg-8si1E2GxqZAr4FrbvPiYW-ExWGutInOpAFg3VHqt4LuaD_Q/s1600/DSCF1263.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo2pqfJhtneZJaYRv4KbepYenMtRx4Y1VnzT2t8XmBbErhPV_Y9vclo63JliuLp3sC0KIj-zzUi7LvsgUAr1HA9K1jSpg-8si1E2GxqZAr4FrbvPiYW-ExWGutInOpAFg3VHqt4LuaD_Q/s400/DSCF1263.JPG" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Breeding Rack fully automated for water change<br /> and single point filtration</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">While long-term I will build and utilize wooden racks, for
something a little different in the short-term I decided to try out a couple of
Edsal steel commercial shelving units.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Each
being 60 inch wide * 66 inch high * 18 in deep .</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The total cost for each shipped from Home
Depo was less than 115.00 dollars.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">A
quick coating of rubberized spray paint in addition the black textured finish
should help with rust from both humidity and electrolysis.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Currently, I have installed one rack as a test
with three tanks, while the other three tanks are being used on one of my
retrofitted existing wooden racks.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;">My permanent racks have all hardware and fittings securely nailed
and screwed in place.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">In my quest to
create a portable breeding system I did just the opposite.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">All is neatly held in place by trimmed nylon
tie straps, ready to clip apart and pack.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Initially, my thought was to utilize Grey Schedule 40 PVC
for aesthetic reasons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the cost
for most individual components was similar to White Schedule 40 PVC, the cost
of one or two of the most utilized parts would nearly double the total
cost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the end I just went with White
Schedule 40 PVC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not so much for cost,
but ease of purchase.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just about any
piece you will need is found at a good local retailer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grey PVC on the other hand I would have to
order living in a remote location.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I
simply like to modify things on the fly far too often to wait for online
ordered parts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It can be painted if
desired.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather than go into detail on
more common parts, let’s just say I ordered from two primary online sources;
Global Industrial and JEHMCO Aquatic Breeder Supplies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Article photos should give you enough detail
to go by.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpHvGk2uqjK9SD7QsN5fu4oJJt_Q5lowxwkJBibLQLwi3j755qtoBxIrplt57Brp14qMlFBTJLpWtOSxjRoqdIqc0hIxy3LoEaxeN34RYHl5szgcsbFk-TBdKCCtAfmO4TYc6bb9cVTc/s1600/100_2468.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXpHvGk2uqjK9SD7QsN5fu4oJJt_Q5lowxwkJBibLQLwi3j755qtoBxIrplt57Brp14qMlFBTJLpWtOSxjRoqdIqc0hIxy3LoEaxeN34RYHl5szgcsbFk-TBdKCCtAfmO4TYc6bb9cVTc/s320/100_2468.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Alita AL- 80 air pump (coustesy Dr. James Alderson)</i></b></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">On a Central Air System a good air pump should be one you
never have to think about, much less service or repair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the past 25 years I’ve relied on my
Rotron Blower to provide for 100 plus outlets.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It’s not quiet, but when kept in a crawl space or insulated box and
properly muffled, is not noticeable over bubbling of tanks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will continue to use it until I relocate
and then install two newly purchased Alita AL- 80 air pumps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When you compare cost, output, noise levels
and reliability, they are hard to beat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLYlLE2znzRjZM02FLwRzbGegJZLBE_9rj0w8ZHzdw_1AByqkfOvLqnrL1f2w4pI9qXcLIYfBo9U7UE_E3dNie8XY26-SNC0RN8IdJR2FGlnT25LHZd7MkT0xFJNBX_d0Sr0IUAm82Dw/s1600/DSCF1310.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLYlLE2znzRjZM02FLwRzbGegJZLBE_9rj0w8ZHzdw_1AByqkfOvLqnrL1f2w4pI9qXcLIYfBo9U7UE_E3dNie8XY26-SNC0RN8IdJR2FGlnT25LHZd7MkT0xFJNBX_d0Sr0IUAm82Dw/s320/DSCF1310.JPG" width="195" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>DIY Sump Filtration</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">On one rack I decided to test out fully automated water
change and single point filtration. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As I would be
adding the metal rack, it made sense to run test with it. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to a single corner filter housed in
each tank, a sump filtration system is housed on a standalone rack adjoining
and connected to the primary rack with tanks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A single high wattage Eheim heater is held in the sump.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While the sump is on the bottom row, it is
raised 4-6 inches off the ground for heat retention in winter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
middle row of the rack houses an additional unheated sump solely for water
replenishment from evaporation. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
comes about via a bottom drilled ¾” bulkhead and riser tube in the upper sump
and a float valve in the bottom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In turn
“the replenishment sump” will serve to house breeding Cori’s, Pleco’s or
Shrimp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh2_pP5vjEZ_vodo3yAfwZP9mzQl6gYimX0XXEDDC4JnoYqHI-G1V8KCXVqhagGVg8Qw4l7NjspZzKWhhdfNYRDDpVmutaTTzyEQpMeHciPznElfl29c2z0xv8eToJUTsvej_b03M1E9g/s1600/DSCF1307.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh2_pP5vjEZ_vodo3yAfwZP9mzQl6gYimX0XXEDDC4JnoYqHI-G1V8KCXVqhagGVg8Qw4l7NjspZzKWhhdfNYRDDpVmutaTTzyEQpMeHciPznElfl29c2z0xv8eToJUTsvej_b03M1E9g/s320/DSCF1307.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>DIY Water replacement for Sump Filtration</i></b><br />
<b><i>with UV Sterilizer behind on left</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">While I am not sold on their effectiveness in guppy breeding,</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">I decided to incorporate and test UV
sterilization on the system.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Feeling it
a must for single point filtration where recirculation of water is needed.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">After much online research purchased a </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Calibri;">15 Watt Aqua Ultraviolet Classic UVC <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Black with <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2-inch slip</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"> fittings.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Not that I felt it was any better than
comparable models, but at least it is easier than most to incorporate into rack
plumbing, bypass when the need arises, and service when bulbs require or
fittings need replaced.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPYO0Xuy77VbvMfCLrJpCxOXZHGNLZtwAvZz0R7tsYcx9pt4AkdNpPRIgYJllhfAGJiKkt4sP8lhAQjO13jhNLOOuvkqYbG5Yyl2Bq59LehRAhiOywo7jb0cG_uts53Ga503uLIqwjyW4/s1600/DSCF1289.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPYO0Xuy77VbvMfCLrJpCxOXZHGNLZtwAvZz0R7tsYcx9pt4AkdNpPRIgYJllhfAGJiKkt4sP8lhAQjO13jhNLOOuvkqYbG5Yyl2Bq59LehRAhiOywo7jb0cG_uts53Ga503uLIqwjyW4/s320/DSCF1289.JPG" width="180" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Standalone Rack for DIY single point<br /> filtration and de-humdifier</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Redundancy for catastrophic failure has been factored into
the entire system via a check valve above the bottom sump and it having the
ability to absorb the entire volume of all water contained in both piping and
reserve sump.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The top tier of the rack
houses a de-humidifier that is plumbed into the waste water drain pipe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All water movement (replacement, circulation,
and waste) is controlled through a series of PVC valves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is driven by a single Quiet One 6000
water pump rated at 1506 GPH @ 0’ head.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This translated roughly to over 1000 GPH combined rack flow to all tanks
@ 5’ head.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR86Yr0Hgk4w9CIIQQpry4_ilyQu1PIkTbB58r0cP7a9k2_c978I7673GO31ILPiPi-DAu6kt7VL5uhu9mMaGFo8CixzXrBgD86q9-gIGKqz-_v9hxo9X7OFj_dG0xel81cxrfGl9TZKU/s1600/DSCF1303.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR86Yr0Hgk4w9CIIQQpry4_ilyQu1PIkTbB58r0cP7a9k2_c978I7673GO31ILPiPi-DAu6kt7VL5uhu9mMaGFo8CixzXrBgD86q9-gIGKqz-_v9hxo9X7OFj_dG0xel81cxrfGl9TZKU/s400/DSCF1303.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Quiet One 6000 water pump in DIY sump</span></i></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">New water is added via a “quick attach” and piped from heated
aged water in a 65 gallon barrel.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It
utilizes the same piping as does the sump filtration.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">For water input to each tank I purchased ½” barb
x ½” male NPT threaded fill valves to allow for more precise and adjustable
control.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This, as I would be utilizing
multiple tank sizes on 3-4 levels of tanks and a single water pump.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Open PVC elbows or irrigation style drip
values would not allow for such control.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">While the entire water system is glued together, I included multiple
quick disconnects to allow for modification and transport.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKlfuVUQZ35_L8bRWLNrd5rmP7eg8S8Ifrg_3pbwqTy0Y3Oi_sxh-udElZQcbFSLXWlt2KQKcHOSZDwNpn6DAyV-Vi1n0WF2avZSQWNQ-Nv4QuEkQA1J1K8tYRIjCi4IfWZFXdKqMquZw/s1600/DSCF1266.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKlfuVUQZ35_L8bRWLNrd5rmP7eg8S8Ifrg_3pbwqTy0Y3Oi_sxh-udElZQcbFSLXWlt2KQKcHOSZDwNpn6DAyV-Vi1n0WF2avZSQWNQ-Nv4QuEkQA1J1K8tYRIjCi4IfWZFXdKqMquZw/s400/DSCF1266.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Closeup of Water Fill Valves and Riser Tubes with Sleeves</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhJEpzRHQ490dIWJuJHwCunWvPg1wlZsU_XLD1pA0eZtlg2Cn_JdmMBvvSiLCui-WPAXS5SIiK8xLPM6e4OxX-pxhxc5RuCkxq2GqMKLxoGJppmCA47BXBFvkustTWttwxAmRmxM4fQg/s1600/AVMP1220-700p.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIhJEpzRHQ490dIWJuJHwCunWvPg1wlZsU_XLD1pA0eZtlg2Cn_JdmMBvvSiLCui-WPAXS5SIiK8xLPM6e4OxX-pxhxc5RuCkxq2GqMKLxoGJppmCA47BXBFvkustTWttwxAmRmxM4fQg/s320/AVMP1220-700p.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>JEMCHO pre-built manifold</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">One of the “luxuries” I allowed myself in this project was
the use of prebuilt manifolds on each tank vs. drilling PVC and tapping valves
myself.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">With such short overall length
in the rows the effort was not justified.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Simply run ¾ inch PVC to each row and tap in a manifold.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">When needed they are easily daisy chained
together with hose barb connectors into either vinyl tubing or PVC.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">As the PVC & fittings secure tight
enough, I never find need to glue my air system together.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">This allows for ease in modification and
transport.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><u>Summary:</u></span></b></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Now back to the initial hypothesis in this article.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is an Asian Style Breeding Rack System with
or without re-circulating filtration a viable option for Guppy Breeders?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yes, under certain well defined criteria
starting with an understanding and acceptance of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“slow time”</i></b>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Modern Guppy breeders are little different
from any livestock breeder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet they are
also vastly different.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Until the last
century livestock breeding was on slow time<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b>and practiced on a
multi-generational level by family members who grew up on the farm and rarely
worked off the farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A bull taking 5
years to mature and a heifer bred to calf at three years of age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today the same bull is expected to be in
production by 2 years of age and heifers having first calves on the ground at
two years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sound familiar?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should, there is little difference in
either commercial guppy or show guppy breeding programs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The history of domestic guppy breeding is just over 100
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Evolving in cities and towns with
breeders at best several generations removed from the farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most breeders are not only little aware of slow
time, but have had “fast time” imposed upon them most of their lives from the
rigors of urban life,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the requirements
of a show cycle, computerization, and even the ability of the guppy to produce
several generations within a year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For
an automated recirculation system to work Guppy Breeders must adopt and adjust
to a traditional slow time livestock breeding regimen of our fore-fathers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9oKQ0NqJ-Kl3_7sH5iA44XOSo3a5dw4EqhVACk2AntjgAGnFgIl3lJfE2rOSErv9h3hbwlOMDi1_P65jrhNm0njFgPGJsACv2lctUrrH_rZVnmoPYdmNmANhoLZkgl26ZUD-Kvvirzs/s1600/DSCF1488.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB9oKQ0NqJ-Kl3_7sH5iA44XOSo3a5dw4EqhVACk2AntjgAGnFgIl3lJfE2rOSErv9h3hbwlOMDi1_P65jrhNm0njFgPGJsACv2lctUrrH_rZVnmoPYdmNmANhoLZkgl26ZUD-Kvvirzs/s640/DSCF1488.JPG" width="360" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Rebuilt Fishroom August 2013</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">So, are self-contained automated Breeding Rack Systems with
or without re-circulating filtration a viable option for Guppy breeders?</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yes.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Are there benefits to be derived from such systems vs. large scale
dedicated fishrooms for Guppy breeders?</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yes.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Are there limitations to for
use of such systems for Guppy Breeders?</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Yes.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">The debate will likely be ongoing in regards to Breeding
Rack Systems that are fully automated for water change and those that
additionally incorporate single point filtration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When limited to just water change the
benefits are undeniable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allowing for;
ease of multiple changes, variance in the percentage changed, and consistency
in the chemistry / temperature of water changed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the variables are just that, too
variable to make a blanket assertion either for or against in use with single
point filtration for modern guppy breeding.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Just as many breeders are successfully utilizing sump filtration systems
as those who have abandoned them. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From
my perspective I think it safe to state they can work under specific
circumstances:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Systems need to be smaller rather than larger as
in modern laboratory settings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Several stand-alone racks are better than one
larger of the same volume.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Slower water turnover and sterilization in
filtration is likely paramount to success.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Large systems with multiple UV sterilizers,
large sump filters and high volume water flow are a requiem for failure.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Both compartment numbers and total Breeding Rack
population levels should be carefully considered to maintain healthy balances.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">6.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Avoid introducing new members (via acquisition
or returns from shows) without stringent quarantine protocols.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In final I should make it clear that I am still not convinced single
point filtration is a viable long-term option <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">for most guppy breeders</i></b>
who are showing or exchanging fish on a regular basis.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Breeding programs are often not kept
in balance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">I make this statement based on two supportive criteria:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Published research in the
field of Population Genetics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My personal approach of breeding domestic guppies
towards goals in favor of healthy populations over individuals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Overall the majority of modern guppies just <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">do
not</i></b> have a built in predisposition for health on a community level.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">To see the pitfalls of recirculated water on domestic
guppies all one has to do is visit your local large commercial box pet store
with a single point recirculating system.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is geared towards high volume turnover of stock at the expense of
quarantine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first species to break
down are livebearers, and at the forefront are modern commercial domestic
guppies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xnGgTpI8Di4yIU1Hjqki3_jXduzvRy3fr0Gt1tbWytAlCYeTdEfwvQMWM3aLTFC2PyxEHAF_QdSov0G9ClDELz9Uz1qZFzro8UHo-dWeRcxZ3WE0lDVQwnsPGxbRaDH6qjKtV0UpoHM/s1600/DSCF0702.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3xnGgTpI8Di4yIU1Hjqki3_jXduzvRy3fr0Gt1tbWytAlCYeTdEfwvQMWM3aLTFC2PyxEHAF_QdSov0G9ClDELz9Uz1qZFzro8UHo-dWeRcxZ3WE0lDVQwnsPGxbRaDH6qjKtV0UpoHM/s320/DSCF0702.JPG" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Ginga Sulphureus Lower Sword</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">Despite best attempts of host club members at shows, importing
disease back to your fish-room is inevitable and routine, when compounded by the stress our fish endure being on the road for a week to 10 days at a time.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">It is simply a given that comes with the hobby.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Only strict quarantine measure,
treatment and continued isolation of returning show fish will eliminate or at
best alleviate the potential contamination of your stocks.</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: Calibri;">On this basis returning show fish are best
not housed in a recirculating system.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To this end, I designed my Breeding Rack System with recirculating
sump filtration as an add-on component.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>If at some point I deem it no longer feasible, it is easily removed,
parts recycled elsewhere, leaving only a Breeding Rack System with automated
water change.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Suppliers:</b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">1.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">JEHMCO Aquatic Breeder Supplies<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.jehmco.com/">http://www.jehmco.com/</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">2.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Global Industrial<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.globalindustrial.com/">http://www.globalindustrial.com/</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">3.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Home Depot<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.homedepot.com/">http://www.homedepot.com/</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">4.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Glass Cages<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.glasscages.com/">http://www.glasscages.com/</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">5.</span><span style="font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font: 7pt/normal "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Underwater Warehouse<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri;"><a href="http://www.underwaterwarehouse.com/">http://www.underwaterwarehouse.com/</a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The July 2012 IFGA Bulletin featured and
article entitled ‘A “Visit” to Mike Regent’s Fish Rooms’ written by returning
guppy breeder Glenn Wachter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It dealt
with his early 1970’s visit to IFGA breeder Mike Regent.</span></i></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
author stated, “<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">I have been searching
for a word that would describes Mike’s approach to breeding and raising guppies
and the best I could come up with is <b>“patient”</b> but it was more than
that. He had a way about him when talking about fish that was so even keeled. I
think he had some pretty firm opinions about how to breed and raise guppies, but
he also was always open to any idea that would produce better fish but he never
seemed in a hurry and that I think, was part of the secret. The other parts, I
think, were a sharp set of eyes, a streak of creativity, and a disciplined
firmness about some “basics” in developing good guppies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Lustar filters never boomed water up
through the surface of the water. Bubbles gently rose to the surface of the
tanks and the water always seemed crystal clear.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></i></span></div>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">“Patient”, just another way to
describe “Slow Time”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="Default" style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~</span></div>
</div>
Alan S. Biashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15173118039101254912noreply@blogger.com14