Berkeley Springs,
West Virginia Feral Guppies
© Alan S. Bias – July 28, 2016
Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text in entirety with proper credit for learning purposes only.
NOTE: All photos by author.
INTRODUCTION
When it comes to collecting feral populations of Poecilia
reticulata in North America, West Virginia is not one of the first places that come
to mind. While many Guppy enthusiasts are aware of Florida feral ditch
populations derived commercial farm escapees, few realize that self-sustaining
populations exist in thermal spring environments throughout the United States.
Conditions in each of these thermal locations can be rather harsh for a
species evolved in a tropical setting. Overall, size of habitable range
is normally limited by temperature extremes, predation, and water chemistry.
Most of these sites have reliable sources suggesting initial
dates of introduction ranging from the late 1940's - 1960's. In general,
it is believed populations derive from aquarium based stocks and not
wild-caught individuals. Based on this knowledge, it is safe to assume
that foundation stocks consisted of Wild-type, Short-tails, Swordtails and
early Veil tails bred in aquariums.
Berkeley Springs Wild-Type Male
In some locations habitation is limited to pools near thermal
discharge at the springs source, or just below when water is cooled to maximum
survivable temperatures. In others habitation will extend downstream to a
point where minimum survivable temperature are no longer maintained during
winter extremes. Fish that disperse or are born below this point will
perish in winter.
Just as temperature restricts these feral populations, so does
predation. In some sites predation consists of local native species of
fish, birds and insects, while in others it may include a host of introduced
South American, Central American and African Cichlids. Often various
species of Mollies, Platys, Gambusia are also to be found. The presence
of Gambusia in itself will greatly restrict Guppy population levels.
Many thermal springs have one thing in common, that being
extremes in chemical composition of output water. Often water is very
hard with high Ph levels. To include high concentrations of minerals not
typically found in South and Central American waters. While introduced
Guppy populations survive, they may do so under great duress.
A few states that come to mind with thriving thermal populations
of Guppies are Nevada, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Texas, Connecticut, Colorado,
Wisconsin and West Virginia. Yes, West Virginia has a thriving population
of feral Guppies at Berkeley Springs State Park in Morgan County. For
further location info and photos: http://www.berkeleyspringssp.com/ or http://berkeleysprings.com/history-berkeley-springs/.
DISCUSSION
Berkeley Springs is typical of many cold or hot springs found in
West Virginia. It is considered a "Silica-rock" spring system.
As opposed to being fed by an underground aquifer, surface water
percolates through Oriskany Sandstone formations before returning to the
surface. Unlike many thermal springs arising in decomposed granite or
limestone country, those fed through Silica contain very low levels of
dissolved solids. Yet, Berkeley Springs water is very highly mineralized.
The exact heat source for Berkeley Springs has never been
completely identified. Water exits the spring at a temperature of 74.3*F.
Compared to most geothermal springs this is rather "lukewarm".
An average of 1200 gallons per minute flows from the spring year round,
and varies with seasonal discharge estimates as high as 2000 gallons per
minute. Water leaving the spring stream flows immediately into Warm
Spring Run. The year round Feral Guppy population is limited to this
short section of spring stream. Warm Spring Run in turn flows into the
Potomac River after a journey of about six miles.
Best estimates for establishment of the Berkeley Springs Feral
Guppy population sets the date just after World War II, in the mid 1940's,
based on early observations of park staff and visitors. This is quite a
bit earlier than documented thermal spring stockings in Western States. However,
does not rule out later subsequent introductions. While the presence of
Guppies at an earlier date is feasible, populations would have been destroyed
or decimated by a series of catastrophic floods, between 1936-9, which
inundated the spring and spring stream. A flood control project initiated
between 1955-61 has eliminated much seasonal flooding of the spring stream
inhabited by Guppies. Yet, periodic flooding of the park and spring
stream still occurs. No doubt, drastically reducing Guppy populations.
Berkeley Springs Guppies
Being a "warm water" stream, and based on migration
studies by researchers, it is feasible that Guppies could traverse downstream
into Warm Spring Run. Either by natural dispersal or during prior
referenced warm weather flooding. Numbers would be small and
heavily preyed upon. As you exit the spring stream and move
downstream predation by native species would increase. Some commonly
found predators would include Stonefly, Caddisfly, Water Beetles, Crayfish,
Sunfish, Bass, Catfish, Pickerel, Shiners, Suckers, and Bullhead Catfish.
With the return of cold weather, dispersed individuals would perish.
Today, the springs and discharge stream little resemble that of
former times. The stream is heavily channelized with rock retaining
walls, paved walking trails, and small bridges. Water depth is rather
consistent, to seasonal flow, within the stream bed itself. Most
variation is in the form of deeper pools that form underneath bridges.
PHENOTYPICAL OBSERVATIONS
As with other thermal stockings, assumptions can be made based
on the time of stocking. Founding members of the Berkeley Springs Guppy
population would have likely been of wild-type, swordtail, and possible early
Veil tail available in the 1940's. Guppies are found the entire length of
the spring stream in great numbers. Some variation in both body type and
age structure can be found in the upper and lower portions of the stream, and
deeper pools. Younger fish and fry are commonly found hiding in plant
growth along the stream bank. Middle ages fish the length of the stream.
Older fish residing in deeper pools.
Today clear roundtails, doubleswords, topswords, lyretail,
Wingean wild-type finnage and ragged veil types can be found. Females for the
most part all appear color / tail neutral or express Flavis (Fla). With notable
exceptions being expression of topsword and occasional single dark melanophore
spot in caudal.
Flavis (Fla) Female
Metal Gold (Mg) Female with Black Caudal Spot
As a result of high flow rate of the spring stream, both sexes
are much longer and more streamlined than would be expected in a
"typical" feral population. While predominantly wild-type grey body,
a portion of the population is blond (b). Initial observations of
collected fish suggest predation has an effect on overall age, thus size, of
blond specimen's as compared to grey body fish.
Blond Lyre-tail Male
Both sexes can express Metal Gold (Mg) in heterozygous and
homozygous states. As in many wild or feral Guppy populations Purple Body
Mutation (Pb) is prevalent. Expression of yellow in finnage &
body from Pauper (Pa) / Cinnamomeus (Ci) traits is also common. The
latter not commonly found in modern domestic or feral populations, thus
indicative of an early stocking date.
Males expressing Pauper (Pa)/Cinnamomeus (Ci)
Overall, reflective qualities of the population are not what I
would describe as "vibrant." Still, iridescence is to be found
in many males. As in this highly reflective reticulata male who clearly
exhibits a "reflective dorsal spot". This is another
marker for potential verification of a very early stocking date. For
further reading on the origins of iridescence in modern Domestic Guppies:
http://www.pr.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2013.22-39.pdf.
Iridescent Male with Reflective Dorsal Spot
As Guppies are a non-endemic species collection of them at
Berkeley Springs is not discouraged. In fact, children wading with nets
are not only a common sight, but also one of the top predators. So get
there early in the morning if you are a serious collector. As a result of
all the human traffic this population exhibits a very high "fright or
flight" response to movement from above, and will readily jump out of the
water. So covered tanks &/or reduced water levels are recommended.
On a final note, I would like to mention this population also
appears to suffer from a higher level of parasitic worm infestation than most.
Possibly as a result of duress from less than optimal environmental
conditions or maximum summer population levels? While I have not yet put
any under the microscope, be prepared to cull your collection when you arrive
home and medicate those retained accordingly.
It should be noted that several other introduced species have
been reported at Berkeley Springs, to include Plecostomus and Zebra Danio.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to my friend, and fellow collector / breeder Tom
Coggins (Missouri) for this recent collection. Tom arrived at Berkeley
Springs Park at 5:30 a.m. after leaving New Jersey at 2:00 a.m. to collect
for me. Arriving at my Southern WV home around 2:00 p.m. with a bucket
full to select from. Tom will be collecting feral Guppies this summer
from both McCauley & Rogers Springs, Nevada. It will be interesting
to see his results.
References:
Courtenay, W. R., Jr., C. R. Robins, R. M. Bailey, and J.E.Deacon.
1987. Records of exotic fishes from Idaho and Wyoming. Great Basin Naturalist
47(4):523-546.
Courtenay, W. R., Jr., and J.E.Deacon. 1983.Fish introductions
in the American southwest: a case history of Rogers Spring, Nevada.
Southwestern Naturalist 28:221-224.
Deacon, J.E., C.Hubbs, and B. J.Zaburanec.1964.Some effects of
introduced fishes on the native fish fauna of southern Nevada.Copeia
1964(2):384-388.
Donovan, J.J., et al. (2006) Springs, source water areas, and
potential for high-yield aquifers along the Cacapon Mountain anticline, Morgan
County, WV. West Virginia University. http://morgancountywv.gov/Planning/Documents/HRC3-MorganCounty-FinalReport2006.pdf.
Last checked 7.4.16.
Guppy (Poecilia reticulata), Ecological Risk Screening Summary
(2015). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/ANS/erss/highrisk/Poecilia-reticulata-ERSS-revision-July-2015.pdf.
Last checked 7.4.16
Hobba, W.A. et al. (1979) Hydrology and Geochemistry of the
Thermal Springs of the Appalachians. Geohydrology of Geothermal Systems.
United States Department of the Interior. http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1044e/report.pdf.
Last checked 7.4.16.
Lehman, K (2010) Warm Spring Run Watershed Assessment, Morgan
County, WV. http://warmspringswatershed.webs.com/Warm_Springs_Run_Watershed_Assessment_2010%5B1%5D.pdf.
Last checked 7.4.16.
